Sports For African Americans History Essay

Sports For African Americans History Essay Firstly, Negro Leagues were one of the most dominated African American sports during the 1800s and 1900s. Negro Leagues was where blacks could come and play professional organized baseball. For example in 1883 Moses Fleetwood Fleet Walker became the first Negro major leaguer catcher for the minor league (associated with Negro League) Toledo Blue Stockings. Moses made a major impact on baseball, his impact organized the first Negro League in 1887. It didnt go so well because it only lasted a week. In 1885 around the time of the first Negro League the very first all black pro team was the NY Cuban Giants. They also became the first all black team to receive a salary. Some African Americans tried to play baseball for international league teams but in July (of 1887) the league banned future contracts with black players. The first successful organized Negro League was established on February 13, 1920 at a YMCA in Kansas City, Missouri. Edward H. Bolden who was chairman of the Negro Leagues at the time wanted to expand baseball games to the east. So three years after the founding of the National Negro Leagues, the Eastern Colored League was formed on December 16, 1923. By then the next year (1924) the first Negro World Series was between the Kansas City Monarchs and the Hillsdale Clubs. National Negro League had member teams in the South and Midwest that were successful until 1931. Since racial discrimination was heavy white players didnt like the success of the Negro Leagues, so when the East West Negro League was formed it ended before the season ended. The Negro Southern League was the only black pro league to survive the 1932 season. After that downfall a second National Negro League (1933) was formed and was the only black operating team until 1937. Also in 1937 the South and Midwest formed the Negro American League. The best Negro Team was considered to be the Pittsburgh Crawfords. The Negro Leagues came to an end in 1952, so then the MLB (Major League Baseball) came around and then history was once again made. An African American named Jackie Robinson was the first African American to be inducted into Major League Baseball in 1947. Robinson was the first black to participate in the major leagues for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Robinson was hand selected by President Branch Rickey and the Dodger Organization. During the 1950s once again racial discrimination was mega heavy, but Robinson promised Rickey he wouldnt let it get to him. Robinson had an outstanding season, shocking baseball athletes white and black. Robinson dominated baseball from the time he got into the MLB until the time he retired. Even when Robinson retired he still to this day has a major impact on baseball. Know his life impacted others Robinson made a comment stating A life is not important, except in the impact it has on other lives. Jackie Robinson retired from baseball on January 5, 1957, Robin son made history by becoming the first African American to ever be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. Negro League baseball and Major League Baseball had history made during its era and had some pretty shocking moments. For example in 1948 Satchel Paige became the first black player all-time oldest rookie at the age of 42. During an interview Paige made a comment to other about his ageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Age is a case of mind over matter. If you dont mind, it dont matter. Also the Cleveland Buckeyes signed the first white player Edde Klepp to play in the Negro Leagues. Over the years of the Negro Leagues eleven inter-league black World Series were held. Currently there are eighteen Negro League players in the Hall of Fame. Furthermore in 1997 all of MLB saluted Jackie Robinson (on the 50th Anniversary of his breaking the color barrier) and permanently retired his number 42 from the game of baseball. Football was also a very difficult sport for African Americans to try and play in. Around the 1800s American Football League (AFL) was where African Americans could come and play football. The AFL recruited black players who were ignored by the NFL. The NFL was predominately white players who didnt like the fact that African Americans had their own league. AFL and the NFL quickly became rivals and often played each other. College football (where a lot of African Americans played football) was a lot more popular than the NFL during the 1800s. Eventually in the 1900s black were being drafted into the NFL. The first African Americans to become inducted into the NFL were Fritz Pollard and Bobby Marshall in 1920. Around the 1920s football started gaining a lot of popularity because of blacks being drafted. Not only was Fritz Pollard one of the first African Americans to play in the NFL he was the first black coach (NFL) in 1921. Even when blacks were drafted into the NFL, they received poor equipment and low salary caps. Along with poor treatment black athletes werent allowed to play intelligent positions like quarterback, center, or not ever tight end. The NFL team Redskins didnt even sign any black athletes until the threat of the Civil Rights movement. Furthermore black football players were benched even when drafted onto an NFL team. The NFL during the 1920s only started letting black football players play the speed positions, like running back and or defensive tackle. After 1926 all African American football players started disappearing (basically had their contract suspended) from the NFL. Another black football player wasnt drafted into the NFL until 1952. There was still one problem at hand, in 1960 through 1962 the AFL averaged 17% more African American football players than the NFL. Eventually the NFL merged with AFL in 1970, making the NFL average more than 30% black athletes. In the near 2000s up until now more and more African American athletes are being drafted into the NFL. Then came the National Basketball League (NBL) which started in 1937 and (along with pro football) was at the time dominated by white players. Also the NBL only started out with only thirteen teams. NBL at the time didnt really receive much attention by audiences around the U.S. So in 1942 the NBL integrated, and started offering opportunities for African Americans to start playing basketball. Up to ten black players were signed to two NBL teams to start their careers. During the 1942-1943 season the two NBL teams that signed African Americans were the Toledo Jim White Chevrolets and Chicago Studebakers. Those two teams immediately started filling the rosters with African Americans athletes. Of course a lot of white players didnt like the fact that black players were being signed into the league, but they had to deal with it. The signing of African Americans brought a little more attention to the NBL. To bring even more attention to the NBL they merged with the NBA in 1949. Right before NBL merged with NBA some teams started changing their names entering into this new league. The Minneapolis Lakers changed their names to the Los Angeles Lakers, the Rochester Royals changed their names to the Sacramento Kings, and Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons changed their names to the Detroit Pistons. The NBL came to an end in 1949 the league had a total of 38 teams, the last championship team of the NBL was the Anderson Packers (1948-49 season). In the end sports for African Americans were still difficult to compete in, sports in general had its bad times and hall of fame times. After years went by more and more African Americans are able to compete in professional sports. Sports in the 1800s and 1900s where dramatic and intense for all athletes alike. From having poor equipment to merging with other franchises, and allowing other races to compete in professional sports. A dynamite of history was made during those time periods (1800s and 1900s) and the legend within sports still lives on even till this day.

Daniel Defoe and Robinson Crusoe :: Defoe Robinson Crusoe Essays

Daniel Defoe was an extraordinary man. Although he never had the benefit of a university education, he spoke six languages and was able to read even more. His curriculum included having been a government spy, a shopkeeper, and a journalist. As the latter, he was employed by both major parties. Of course, serving two lord is impossible, so after he got into trouble with both of these parties, he turned to writing as another means of living. The first major difference between Defoe's work and most other books dating from this time is that Robinson Crusoe is really entertaining, quite exhilarating and at times even amusing to read. This is in sharp contrast to most contemporary novels which stuck to a Spartan diet of unreality and dullness, their only charm lying in the complete strangeness to anything human. Basically, most stories at the time were chronicles of wonderful, magical events, not even attempting to resemble human life at all. Robinson Crusoe was one of the first few books to have characters with whom a reader could actually identify. Therefore, it was very popular and this idea of recognition of oneself in a character in a book is nowadays only discussed when it fails, implying that it now has become a natural 'recipe' for writing any book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most of today's popsongs become 'hits' due to a hook; a melodic chorus or instrumental piece which basically does not need to convey any meaning whatsoever. Its only function is to keep the listener listening. Defoe also had grasped the idea of a hook. Only his is fairly bigger, namely about 10 pages, than your average popsong-hook, which contains 4-5 words, if any... For sometimes the lyrics are degraded to a repeated monosyllabic sound. Defoe put this theory into practice in Robinson Crusoe. First, he has Robinson's father lecture him on `the middle station' which is apparently `the best state in the world.' Of course, this little section is only needed to charm his middle-class audience. By refusing his father's ideas, Robinson already seems like an ungrateful son in the eyes of the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Defoe adds more Christian morals as Robinson sinks deeper into sin. He drinks his repentance away after his first encounter with a storm, he refuses to listen to the captain who tells him 'you ought to take this for a plain and visible token that you are not to be a seafaring man.

CHINAS RESPONSE TO OVERPOPULATION :: essays research papers

Introduction Today so many children and people in the world suffer from poverty and starvation. In so many third world country's families are going without food or good water. Never before have we seen so many children die before the age of five. It is impossible to feed all of these mouths and clothe all of these backs. The world is full of natural resources at our disposal. These resources are taken for granted and not preserved the way they should be. As a result, fossil fuels will not be available in a matter of years. Nature is missing links due to the extinction of many species, many we don't ever get a chance to learn about. More people means more products made in factories, more jobs needed, and more consumption of this earth's precious resources. Were are overcrowded! We are overpopulated. Not to mention all of the disease that is spread through the poverty stricken slums that the malnourished live in."We are already living with the consequences of human population growth. Ther e are now so many people, that we were probably pretty much forced to modernize and give up smelly outhouses in favor of the more convenient and practical flush toilet. Sanitation workers are paid to collect the trash that huge cities of people generate, as large populations need proper sanitation."(Garrett Hardin) We try to regulate this epidemic by using birth-control and other devices, but we see what good all of that is doing. We ourselves are setting up for extinction. There must be a way to control the overpopulation. We should not be a disease to this planet. Do we not see the connections between science and society!? Gaylord Nelson was quoted as saying, "The number one environmental problem facing the earth today would have to be population. Where on Earth Are We Going? He said the answer is: "It's all up to us. The level of human population and the scale and intensity of human activity has reached a point where we are literally affecting the very conditions o n which human life and well being depend. "The first major effect of overpopulation is consumption of valuable resources. This is one of the major causes of depletion of our natural resources. When mentioning consumption, we are referring to all the products we buy and use. In the United States, Americans consume far more than what is necessary.

H&M Strategy

The firm has several agreements with providers which must sign H&M’s â€Å"behavior code† for ex in 2006 implementation of an agreement with Procter and Gamble (one on its providers) stipules that H&M can control P&G activities and all its fabrication process. ing high wages. That ability of adaptation shows that H&M can diversify its production and targets specific consumers: its factories make sportswear, masculine and feminine clothes, as well as accessories or lingerie. The role of advertisement is extremely important in H&M’s strategy. The firm uses different ways to sell its products (stores, internet, catalogues): a huge budget is used for communication and advertisement. There is a lot of competition on the clothing market. Zara is the direct competitor of H&M but its prices are a little higher, so H&M enjoys a real economic advantage. H&M minimizes its production costs by building production factories in developing countries (like China, India†¦). The firm enjoys their foreign legislations because they authorized low wages (or lower than European legislations). Social: The ethical aspect is one of the most important principles of H&M (inscriptions on t shirts must not be obscene, racist). For them, protection of animals is necessary (the firm has launched important campaigns), it doesn’t sell real fur, doesn’t buy leather from India for its cruel treatment of animals. And it doesn’t import materials from disappearing species. Moreover, H&M follows fashion and trends to satisfy its consumers and especially the teenagers. This is how the firm owns a real capacity of adaptation. Technological: H&M also sells its products on the Internet by an efficient Websites. News is broadcasted on their Website (when a new line of clothes is launched for ex†¦everyone is aware of partnerships with famous people like Madonna, Karl Lagerfeld, Stella Mc Cartney. )The new technologies used by the firm are a way to make their advertising campaigns more efficient. Textile industry is protected by a lot of patents to assure the authenticity of products and counter fakes.

Abuse of power Vs Spiritual Redemption Essay

The Tempest is full of different themes that work perfectly to bring out the mastery of Shakespeare. However, two themes that stand out in the play, and they have been the source of much debate over the years. Both themes are backed with incredible, pinpoint accurate evidence over the dominance of the other. Over the years, scholars have found it hard to settle on one theme being dominant over the other, but with an analysis of the evidence presented on both counts, the decision is left to the reader of the play or the audience for that matter. The first theme that stands out is; spiritual redemption and goodwill. It can be explained in the play through the character Prospero whereby he struggles, loses his kingdom, finds another and learns from his past in order not to have history repeat itself. In the world crested by The Tempest, through Prospero, Shakespeare tries to examine the human condition of sin, redemption and goodwill. At the beginning of the play, the audience is made aware that Prospero was a Duke of Milan but his brother Antonio, with the king’s consent, took his Dukedom away from him. During his tenure as Duke, Prospero was more concerned with education and magic than he was ruling his kingdom. For this reason, Antonio was able to take advantage and win over the hearts of the people of Milan, which consequently led to the usurping of Prospero from his dukedom, but with help from the King of Naples. Prospero was then exiled with his daughter Miranda, on a wrecked boat where they ended up on an island. Here, Prospero learned the values of authority by turning Caliban into a slave under his command. At one point, his slave alongside two other men tried to kill him but he manipulated them and changed their minds completely. When the shipwrecked men had been brought to him, he could have chosen to exact his revenge and kill them, but he was kind to them. In so doing, Prospero found redemption for his sin as a previously failed ruler. The other theme that stands out is that of Colonial Abuse of Power. In almost every scene, there is a portrayal of power whereby there is a character that has power over the other. The relationship of Prospero and Caliban is that of master and slave and this stands out throughout the play, where Caliban submits to Prospero. The Tempest brings to light the theme of colonization when in 1610, the Sea Adventure to Virginia ended in shipwreck in Bermuda. Also, the anagram of the name Caliban is derived from the name cannibal which shows a difference in cultures. This also shows that Caliban was the native of the island that Prospero had asserted himself as king. Propsero’s relationship with Ariel also demonstrated the intense theme of power. Ariel is a spirit but she is submissive to Prospero, by saying â€Å"All hail, Great master† In both themes, there is enough evidence to warrant a discussion, but to my opinion, I think that the theme of spiritual redemption and goodwill is most dominant. Primarily, this is because the use and abuse of power is an age-old tradition that never seizes. However, the act of Prospero showing mercy stands out because as royalty, there is a need to show humility and making decisions not out of feeling, but out of reason. Thus, the theme of spiritual redemption and goodwill is most convincing in all manners and rights. Source document

The Yin and Yang of American Culture

The Yin and Yang of American Culture: A Paradox by Eun Y. Kim is a perspective of the American way of life by a Korean American. Kim uses the yin and yang symbol to describe the positive and negatives of American culture and how it compares to Asian culture. Kim's exposure to American culture as a young child in Korea and immigrating to the United States while also being raised in a Korean household where Korean tradition was upheld provides a solid basis for her analysis.I have chosen five of her yang statements for discussion which I believe I have experienced eing a fourth generation American but also witnessing the truth to these statements during my travels to Asia as well as to Portugal. One of the biggest statements for Kim's yang is â€Å"Dreaming the Impossible†. As children in America the majority of us are told to dream big. I was told as a child that I could be anything I wanted to be whether it was an astronaut, a veterinarian, or an entrepreneur. I have always dr eamed of being a veterinarian, and I am slowly working towards my dream.I have seen friends of mine achieve their dreams such s a close friend wanted to play football for the Air Force academy; he completed his four years at the academy playing football and went on to complete ten years as an Air Force officer. I have also seen the difference between the United States and Portugal, and how we encourage dreams and support them. My husband was born in Portugal and moved to the U. S. when he was two years old. His mom and dad worked hard to live â€Å"the American dream† which to them was owning your own house and providing for your family.They did not push â€Å"dreams† other than that one on my usband or his brother. Despite this my husband created his dream; to fly planes. He cannot remember how old he was Just that he was young, but he remembers taking a summer trip to Portugal to visit his grandparents, and he was invited into the cockpit of the airplane where he was allowed to sit in the captains seat and was given a short tutorial, but ever since than his obsession with airplanes and flying took off. His parents may not have told him that he could do anything he dreamed of like my parents, but the American school system did.Dreaming the Impossible† also leads to â€Å"Flexible Systems, Flexible Roles†. I am a great example of this. I finished high school and automatically rolled into college but after a year and a half of doing the bare minimum I decided that I wasn't serious about school at the moment and instead of wasting my time and money I would take some time off to decide what was important to me. Now about ten years later I am finally back to school full time while also finishing up my contract in the Navvy. I am working full time and going to school full time with a flexible system and a semi- lexible role in both.The American education system allows me to do this and actually encourages us to do this. When I was growing up, my best friend's mother was a computer engineer and when we were in middle school she had decided it was no longer for her. She quit her Job and went back to school, and she now teaches middle school mathematics which she had always wanted to but chose engineering because of the money. A third â€Å"yang† I have had experience with is â€Å"Openness and Friendliness†. In September 2 I was able to visit Japan tor a tew days due to a deployment portThe ship I was stationed on pulled into Yokosuka Japan, and although I didn't receive much ofa culture shock there, I did when I traveled to Tokyo. My first observation of how the Japanese were not as friendly as Americans was when I rode the train. My friends and I were patiently waiting for the train doors to open to allow those getting off to get off first before boarding but no one else did. Everyone else was crowding the doors and making it difficult for those getting off to do so but no one seemed to have a problem with the so called â€Å"rudeness† except for us Americans.We quickly learned if we wanted a place on the train we had to be quick and impatient. Although Japanese citizens were not as friendly and open as American citizens I did experience a very nice Japanese woman who could tell I was confused by the subway map in Tokyo. I was standing in the subway trying to make heads and tails of the map on the wall when this elderly Japanese woman started speaking English to me asking me if I needed assistance. She explained that she had recently moved back to Tokyo after living in Minnesota for the past 40 years which quickly explained her illingness to help a complete stranger out.Although I did meet plenty of helpful strangers in Yokosuka, which is accustomed to American visitors, she was the only smile I received while in Tokyo which wasn't from a friend. Americans love to have fun, and I am no exception. The phase â€Å"work hard, play hard† is commonly used in the United S tates and describes me. I work full time and go to school full time, and if I have completed all my homework by Saturday night or budgeted my time I definitely like to go out and have fun. I also find time during the eek to do things that are not work related or school related such as see a movie or go for a run or catch a workout class at the gym.To me if I work hard then I deserve to spend some time getting out and doing what I want. My family is the same way as well as my in laws who live in the states. A couple times a year my husband and I will vacation with our family either going camping or going to Wildwood, NJ to spend some time at the beach and the boardwalk. If my husband and I can coordinate a weekend where we both have off we will usually head some place new to kayak or ightsee. We are always looking for fun as well as saving our money to complete these fun tasks.It's what we live for even if we have to put in some overtime to achieve it. My last â€Å"yang† is à ¢â‚¬Å"Remaining Active throughout Life† which I have yet to experience personally since I am only 31 years old but I have observed my 80 year old father in this accomplishment. I started bugging my dad around the time I graduated from high school that he should think about slowing down and retiring since he was 67 years old. This past May he finally took my advice and is finally retired but still ontinues to enjoy life.A few times a week he is fishing or riding his motorcycle or spending time with family; he is the energizer bunny. He also looks like he Just turned 60 and not 80, which he turned in October of this year. I believe that staying busy and having hobbies is what has allowed him to take 20 years off his life. I also like to think I have kept him young because he did have me late in life (around the age of 49), and he was always active in parenting me. He helped me with my homework and also helped me practice basketball and softball by participating in them with me.I am thankful that he didn't believe that as he aged he was unable to do things those younger than him could do. The Yin and Yang of American Culture has reinforced the wonderful things I love about the American culture but has also helped me realize that there are certain things from the East I would like to incorporate into my life. Kim's insight of the light as well as the dark in the United States is something all United States citizens should take notice of, and in my opinion may make our society better. I know I am going to correct some of my own vices to bring over to the â€Å"yang†.

Racism in football Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racism in football - Essay Example Racism in football has hinderer fair play, mutual respect, fraternity and peace needed for sports activities. Racism in football has caused public incitement to violent acts, hatred, enmity, public insults, dissemination of racist ideas, and symbols. Racism has caused serious violation of human dignity. Racism in the football matches has always found justices at the altar of emotional expression. Racism has made dirty the standards of football game. Let us look at some of the symbols of racism in football. Racism in football has its roots from the society. Racism in the football has manifested itself through public insults and violence that involves physical confrontation. Another very notable level of racial discrimination in the football game is the failure to acknowledge certain football players and other participants in the game, however much high in the game's ladder they climb. For instance, Arthur Wharton, a top professional for English club Preston North End in 1886, though bearing the title of the first Black Football player in an organized football, died poor and no trace of his activities records until recently when an acknowledgement of his activities came in form of a bibliography (Vasili 1997, p. 15). This was a vivid manifestation of racism in football. Football racism rampantly been manifested among the fans during a football match. This comes in form of flags. These are colourful and harmless club flags, but bear a very strong racial discriminatory message. This problem is common among fans supporting Italian, England, German, Holland and Norway football clubs. Other fans through objects at players they consider unworthy playing while the footballer is in the field. Some throw bananas and chant animal noises at black players. This aims at insulting the players that they belong to the bush and they are not different from the monkeys in the bush. Racism builds on skin colour as a physical indictor of ethnic origin. For instance, cases of trafficking young African footballers by the European football clubs is part of this colour based football racism. Racism in the football marches exists at two levels; overt racism and covert or institutionalized racism. Overt racism manifests through unfair treatment directed to migrants and ethnic minority groups with a weak position in a large society. Overt racism manifests in form of abuse to players from a certain race and display of anti-Semitic banners or chants characterized with stereotypic messages related to that particular race. Covert racism manifests in form of choice of players, referees and administrators in most European football clubs. For instance, there are very few members of the minority groups participating at the administration level of football clubs in Australia. Racial prejudice in football has social and psychological perspectives as it manifests itself from the fans' point of view. Racial discrimination in football games has been associated with fans' quest to settle old feuds, personal arguments and land disputes (Rationis 2009). Football hooliganism is associated with television casting of football marches. Football hooliganism relates with 'reclaiming of the football games by the working class.' Proletarianisation of the football game has had a great impact on the violent behaviour of the youth in the