Ethics †Meaning of life Essay

1. The Meaning of Life Connect your ideas on the essential meaning of life to the views of at least one philosopher. This philosopher can be someone whom we studied or can come from an outside source. You might connect your ideas in a harmonious or contradictory way. Utilize the academic resources aligned with this course to find a philosopher that coincides with or contradicts your own ideas. Your initial post should be at least 150 words in length. Support your claims with examples from this week’s required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7. What gives human life meaning? I think Immanuel Kant said it best when he asked the three question that make up what it is to be human. â€Å"What can I know? What ought I to do? What may I hope? † (Ch. 5. 4, Mosser) I think that it is what we do with our lives that make them worth living. The people’s lives that we touch and help are what give our own lives meaning. How should one act in the world once one realizes this meaning? One should follow the consequentialist theory. Meaning that one should make the choices that will bring about the most benefits to everyone not just one’s self. How do you know? I know by the feeling that is left after I help others. This feeling is what drives us to give, to help to reach out and continue helping others. Most of us do not enjoy the thought of others suffering, so it would make sense that they would enjoy seeing others happy. As they say happiness is contagious. References: Mosser, K. (2010). Philosophy: A Concise Intro. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. After watching Relationship of Philosophy to Other Fields, reflect on the relationship of philosophy to your life in terms of your future education and career What value does philosophy have? I am getting my bachelors in health care administration, in laments terms I will be the lady to hand you forms and answer immediate question when you come into a hospital. Having philosophy in my life will actually help by enabling me to help patients when they come in, by being better able to answer their question. Example: A patients asks: Why is it taking so long? My response: I having taken philosophy can respond by giving them an answer that would eliminate all why questions and would help them feel a little more at ease with their wait. How can people benefit from thinking more philosophically? They can benefit by broadening their way of thinking, which in turns helps understand more and see things from a different point of view. How does philosophy affect ethical issues? Philosophy describes how humans should behave while ethics describes what is right and wrong and how we should respond to the situation. Unfortunately they do not always go hand in hand. What significance does thinking and reasoning critically play in society, and in human flourishing? Thinking’s is what brought about the wheel or electricity. It is those that stop and ask why not, these are the people that flourish in society. It is using your brain to understand things not just what you can see but also what you cannot.

How Electricity Is Produced

1.How is electricity produced? The most simple way of producing static ekectricity is by rubbing or friction. When you rub two different kind of materials that are insulator, you can transfer electrons from one substance to another. Nowadays, to create electricity we use battery and generators. Voltage can be made by heart, light or mechanical pressure. 2.Where and how is electricity used? Electricity gives us ability to produce heat, which is essential in our life. Electricity makes heat and used in toasters, soldering irons and almost every machine. A very useful property of electricity is that it is a source of a magnetism. Electrons flow through wires which is how telephones, loudspeakers could work. Without electricity, we will be living in a place where there is no light at night. For a power source to work we need ‘energy', just like the human body needs energy to function 3.How was it discovered? Electricity was first discovered by a greek philosopheres. They discovered when amber was rubbed against the cloth, light weight objects stuck to it. Moreover, Benjamin Franklin flew his kite during a thunderstorm and when lightning flashed, the spark transferred from the key to his wrist. He could had easily been killed from electric shock. Without these people, the discovery of light bulb would have been impossible. 4.What is electricity how does electricity flow? Electricity is a flow of tiny particles called electrons which can travel through wires. â€Å"Electron current† the name of this flow. Just like water, which can only flow down a hill, an electric current can only flow if there's something pushing the electron.

Feature Writing – Concert Review

Review on Marilyn Manson’s Concert: Rock Am Ring Marilyn Manson is a band looked up upon by millions of teens in desperation and discontent across the world, a band that empathizes; it seems, to their avid fans. Pulling off extravagant pyrotechnic performances with a gothic overall outdo in his concert ‘Rock am Ring’, the band consists of Brian Hugh Warner, the lead vocalist, largely known a ‘Marilyn Manson’ on stage performances, with ever changing background guitarists, drummers, bassists and keyboardists.Manson grew up with never ending ordeals in his life. As a kid, he witnessed the sadomasochism sexual fetishes of his grandfather, forming traumatizing images of disturbance and disgust as he grew up. In his elementary Christian school years, he was taunted and constantly brought to the epitome of shame and embarrassment by people he called friends; this episode formed his mindset of the antichrist. Having dwelled in the darkest corners amidst grow ing up, the memories of Mason’s past left him deranged and helpless with fear; something he never grew out of.Set side by side American icons alike that of Marilyn Monroe and Charles Manson- ironically alike characters of life, it is a band that reveals the terrible and crude circumstances of life, and very much so, the pains of growing up and having grown up. Donned in heavy, gothic make up and apparel, Manson’s music genre consists mainly of heavy metal, shock rock, and industrial metal, containing subliminal messages of intoxication, hate, suicide and sexually explicit content like that of sadomasochism and all that alike.Marilyn Manson’s performance took place on 1st June 2012, in Nurburgring; Germany. Along with thousands of other avid fans on scene anxiously waiting at the entrance of the concert, I felt no less nervous on the impending performance that drew closer with each passing second. Marilyn Manson’s appearance, I knew then, would be no less majestic like I have imagined prior to the concert. True enough, it only took mere seconds before the outburst of cheers and roars throughout the crowd with Manson’s appearance n stage. Throwing forward the signature ‘rock and roll’ hand sign- the mass of audience followed suit, in heated ‘worship’ and fervor. The live performance was like no other and the stage display was nothing less than immaculate. On the main vocals was Marilyn Manson himself, having Twiggy Ramirez on the guitar, Fred Sablan on the bass and Jason Sutter on the drums. The first song â€Å"Hey Cruel World† kicked off and I felt the immediate rush of excitement surge through my body.Alike the usual heavy rock concerts, the crowd started head banging to the music as the guitarist introduced the song, moshing in hype of their enjoyment, forming the ‘ring of death’ , a trademark where people run towards each other in an apparent attack through the slamming of bodi es, eventually running in a circle. Crowd surfing was the run-of-the-mill in every concert, and Manson’s concert was no exception.The exhilaration of the atmosphere seeped right through me, and I couldn’t help but to throw my hands up, madly jumping to the beats. Delving in on the second song â€Å"Great Big White World† with his raspy voice, the song spoke of individualism opposing conformity in this chaotic age. As the crowd echoed after the lyrics of the song â€Å"But I’m not attached to your world and nothing heals and nothing grows†, I immediately felt the true connection from the crowd to his music.The props on stage used by the band helped the focus of the theme of the concert and Manson’s artistic visions displayed in the concert pushed the hype to its climax, stretching the limits of onstage music performances having a few songs sung even better than his studio recording. This was a definite media-grabbing show as Manson brought ou t the best in his music, proving his fans right of their loyalty. Personally, growing up was a process like that of torment, the various events and experiences I had gradually landed me in a severe depression – something that I never managed to pull myself out of.His lyrics in songs like ‘Coma White’ and ‘Tourniquet’ are two songs that outwardly describe the feelings I never found words to say. From â€Å"All the drugs in this world, won’t save her from herself† to â€Å"Take your hatred out on me, make your victim my head, you never ever believe in me, I am your tourniquet†, the former being lyrics in ‘Coma White’ and the latter from ‘Tourniquet’. Being one of the many fans of Marilyn Manson, I find correlation in his music to my life.These lyrics depict much of my aloneness and frustration, how my parents never took pride in me- something every child needs from their parents. Growing up for me was like an everyday battle, each day only getting tougher and harsher. Though the explicit content portrayed in Manson’s music can be considered a blasphemy for many religious masses, I believe the lyrics in the music of Manson’s concert are a correlation to the many lives of the 21st century, a melodramatic century where the oxymoron of peace and chaos coexist.Each singer and songwriter is only so in due to their emotions and feelings, their past experiences and their learning lessons in life. I believe that music in any form, are life’s most soulful expressions, one where dreams and life’s stories are penned and sung, where pain and happiness is held on to and let go of. Through this concert, I finally understood the true influence of music and its lyrics, how the lyrics of a song can be the correlation to life’s worst tragedies and most blessed moments.Thus, in weightage of the pros and cons of music and its influence, I end with the consensus, that an y genre of music can bring out the deepest unsaid words and emotions of a person, either helping, defining, or ruining a person, all depending on how the written lyrics speak to each individual and how each individual chooses to bring it forward. This review article is intended for the Metal Hammer magazine, as I feel that it would probably be a good addition into the columns of concert reviews and interviews. (Word Count: 1029)

Car history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Car history - Essay Example Steam cars had been built in America since before the Civil War. In 1871, Dr. J. W. Carhart, professor of physics at Wisconsin State University, and the J. I. Case Company built a working steam car. That was enough to encourage the State of Wisconsin to offer a $10,000 prize to the winner of a 200 mile race in 1878. In 1873, Karl Benz developed a successful gas-powered two-stroke piston engine. After this he focused on developing a motorized vehicle. His Patent Motorwagen, introduced in 1886, is widely regarded as the first purpose-built automobile that is a vehicle designed from the ground up to be motorized. Benz unveiled it officially on July 3, 1886 on the Ringstrase in Mannheim, Germany. Henry Ford had an engine running by 1893 but it was 1896 before he built his first car. By the end of the year Ford had sold his first car, which he called a Quadracycle, for $200 and used the money to build another one. With the financial backing of the Mayor of Detroit, William C. Maybury and other wealthy Detroiters, Ford formed the Detroit Automobile Company in 1899. A few prototypes were built but no production cars were ever made by this company. It was dissolved in January 1901. Ford would not offer a car for sale until 1903. Today it has been 100 years of the advent of electric cars. It has an interesting history of development and its still carry on. It was first developed in France and England during the last quarter of 19th century. During late 1890s and early years of 20th century, a lot of innovations were made in motor vehicles industry. Till 1895, Americans didn't begin to devote attention to electric vehicles. It was the first commercial application in America which established as a fleet of New York City taxis in 1897. The early electric vehicles were little more than electrified horseless carriages and surreys. For example, in 1902 Wood's Phaeton which had top speed of 14 mph, a range of 18 miles and cost $2,000. The years 1899 and 1900 were the sky-scraping point of electric vehicles in America, as they outsold all other types of cars. With the passage of time, the car industry got prosperity and the motor vehicle used to be turned into steam, electric, or gasoline versions. Most early electric cars were ornate with massive carriages and designed for the upper class with cost under $1,000. However, by 1910, they had fancy interiors, with expensive materials, and averaged $3,000. Electric vehicles enjoyed success into the 1920s with production peaking in 1912. At the start of its advent in 20th century, electric cars got popularity as it had many advantages over their competitors. They did not have the noise, smell and vibrations associated with gasoline cars. Unlike gasoline cars, electric vehicles did not require gear changes. Also, steam-powered cars suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings. The steam cars had less range before needing water than the range of an electric car on a single charge As compared to steam-powered and gasoline cars, the electric cars was the preferred choice of many because it did not require the manual effort to start. With other cars there was a

Investment case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Investment case - Essay Example 45). Some of the skills required in order to manage a car rental company are decision making skills, good communication skills and professional appearance. Rental purposes –The manager is able to offer rental services to clients who want to use car for a specific duration or travel for long distances. The cars that are allocated for rental purposes should be heavy duty vehicles or four wheel drive vehicles like Land cruiser, Range Rover and Jeep. This are quite effective for long distances and are quite comfortable. This types of vehicles can attract a wide range of customers. Airport purposes- The manager of a car rental business is able to allocate some cars to offers transport for clients that arrive into the country and want transport. The types of cars that should be at the airport should be ostentatious so that they can attract customers. The type of car that can be used at the airport include Mercedes Benz and New models of Toyota. The drivers should also be dressed in a proper manner and should be able to communicate with the customers very well. Daily activities – The manager of the car rental service can offer services for clients that need their services within the town center. VOGEL (2000) asserts that most of the clients that use the car rental service in their daily activities should be regular clients for this service (Pg 54). This will mainly look for a specific group for example employees that work in a specific firm. Security services - The manager for the car rental services can offer some of the vehicles to be used for security services . Some of the vehicles can be used such as jeeps and Land cruiser. This car will be effective in offering security services to different clients. I believe that car rental service is a plausible investment that can make me a lot of money. If I can concentrate more on the two core markets include the tourist market and the business market, I will be able to get good returns . There is

Letter & Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Letter & Memo - Essay Example Now don’t run away with the idea that this has to do with either hills or goats; you’d be surprised when I explain what it is- â€Å"Hillbilly Armor† seems to be a slang term that was often used by American troops during war time. This term is widely used by military personnel to describe the vehicle armor which was improvised when they were attacked and the vehicles got damaged. They used improvised material to make their vehicles stronger against the attacks. You can take our vehicle for an example! Such armor was also used during World War II. I am sure you too would have come across this phrase sometime and I would be happy to hear if you had any more information on this interesting phrase. The second interesting phrase which I am sure would come handy to you when we go on operation projects is a funny phrase called â€Å"Speaker Monkey†, the meaning of which I assure you has no connection to monkeys. I can see you smiling from ear to ear and its no wonder because it sounds quite funny. Have you heard of such a phrase? Though it does sound funny, being a speaker monkey is no laughing matter. Let me explain to you what a â€Å"Speaker Monkey† is – A â€Å"Speaker Monkey† is a person who is put in charge of using certain techniques that are vital during Psychological Operations (PSYOP, PSYOPS) These techniques are used not only by military personnel but also in the police force. Have you ever come across such a funny phrase? These people use these techniques while targeting a specific audience in order to influence their behavior and reasoning by playing on their emotions and feelings. Don’t you find these phrases interesting? Please try to collect some more information on this you come across and I would be glad to hear what you have to say. If you have any comments or queries, please do get back to me with them. Hi Everyone! The letter written and sent along with this memo was written to my friend Ram, a local national. Ram

Anti-federalist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti-federalist - Essay Example The strong belief of anti-federalists to have an independent, sovereign government for each state laid the basis for opposing ratification of US constitution. The anti-federalists who regarded constitution as untried were skeptical of its ability to form the finest form of government. They claimed it to be silliness to substitute the existing form of government with an entirely new document. Anti-federalists argued that constitution characterized twin evils of monarchy and aristocracy rather than the democratic goals of American Revolution. The most significant reason for the opposition against the ratification of constitution was the fear of provision for president’s supreme power. Limited restrictions on authority of national government over the states were claimed by anti-federalists and they stressed on an authority equal to states rather than a greater one. They claimed the emergence of congress as aristocratic in nature as president was supposed to be given much power by the constitution. Members of anti-federalist group doubted the effectiveness of national government in controlling a vast country like the United States. They sorted out several problems in constitution such as insufficient representation scheme and argued that constitution would put an end to self rule in the states.

Personal Philosophy of Classroom Management Research Paper

Personal Philosophy of Classroom Management - Research Paper Example Students misbehave in the classroom for a variety of reasons. Some students may be suffering from lack of attention at home, divorce of parents, or a need for attention from their teacher. The students who misbehave in class need a structured classroom management plan to assist with their behavior and learning. Students are normally attentive when the classroom lesson is presented in stimulating and insightful ways. Group interaction is an excellent way to manage students who misbehave in the classroom. The classroom management plan should include solutions for resolving issues with students who misbehave; the lessons should be presented in ways that creates interactions between the students and the teacher. A classroom management plan is an organized plan that assists the teacher in managing his or her classroom. Classroom management plans are designed in various forms, such as computer-aided instruction, student groups, or student interaction with the teacher. When establishing a c lassroom management plan, the teacher must analyze the classroom lessons as well as the classroom environment. These are two important elements that guide the way the classroom learning is structured. The classroom management plan is designed in an effort to establish ways to structure the classroom lessons for an effective learning environment. Creating a classroom management plan gives the teacher an outline of how the lessons should be presented to the class. ... Along with the teacher, the students are affected by the use of a classroom management plan; it helps the students understand organization skills, management skills, and classroom structure. My Personal Philosophy of Classroom Management My personal philosophy of classroom management has ultimately been influenced or shaped from my home, social, and educational experiences. In my home environment, I was required to study as soon as I came home from school. I was not allowed to play until my studying and homework was completed. I understood this structure, and I followed this plan as soon as I came home. My social structure or environment shaped my personal philosophy of classroom management. I was always told to study hard and follow a plan for managing my class assignments and homework. In school, I learned the proper ways to study. My educational experiences shaped my personal philosophy of classroom management. My classroom setup was a mixture of student teams, computer-aided inst ruction, and individual learning. The teacher allowed us to interact with the lesson by responding to questions and providing our explanations for the assignment. Theoretical Perspective for my personal theory of Classroom Management My theoretical perspective that best describes my personal theory of classroom management is B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory. According to B.F. Skinner, â€Å"learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. A response produces a consequence such as defining a word, hitting a ball, or solving a math problem. When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to

What is ideology Literature Review On Ideology Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is ideology On Ideology - Literature review Example However, the meaning of ideology changed with human and political development. Today, different scholars and philosophers are yet to agree on the meaning of ideology and hence they present distinct views related to ideology. Indeed, the term ideology and its study have been subject to a continued debate among renowned political theorists (Freeden 2006, p. 3). Notably, ideology constitutes ideas that define human actions and objectives. The political theorists have been arguing about ideology in relation to the scienti?c standing of ideology, its epistemological status, and its totalitarian and liberal manifestations (Freeden 2006, p. 3). As such, ideologies assume a fundamental role in helping us to understand and design the modern political arena. Ideally, we have different political ideologies, which include liberalism, conservatism, socialism, feminism, and green political thought. Nevertheless, philosophers have failed to explore the nature of these ideologies and establish a uni versal meaning of ideologies. As such, they have different views on ideology. For example, the German Ideology by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels presents the authors views on ideology, communism, materialism, and revolution (Gasper 2004, p. 1). Another political scientist, Kenneth Minogue also uses communism to explain ideology. Indeed, Kenneth Minogue reckons that the collapse of communism did not mark the end of ideologies (Minogue 2006, p. 4-6). Furthermore, the German Ideology claims that historical materialism assumed the position of an integral theory (libcom.org 2013, p. 1). The German Ideology criticizes Hegel’s view on socialism and consequently demonstrates that social conflicts, which are present in capitalism, leads to socialism (Gasper 2004, p. 1). More so, Kenneth Minogue notes that after the collapse of communism, we now have a collection of overlapping fragments of revelation, which cooperate with each other in social transformation (Minogue 2006, p. 8-11). Mo re so, just like the other political theorists, who refer to socialism to address ideologies, Michael Freeden claims that the methodologies of studying ideologues encompass conceptual malleability and ideational pluralism, and offer bridges between identifying ‘social facts’ and their inevitable interpretation (Freeden 2006, p. 3). This assertion seeks to explain modern ideologies. The German ideology criticizes the proletarian world outlook (libcom.org 2013, p. 1) and their philosophy reflected the Germany’s economic and political backwardness. We can establish that Karl Marx’s support on radical democracy and human liberation led him to communism. According to Marx in the German ideology, the starting point for understanding human society is actual human beings and the material conditions in which they live but not in the realm of ideas (Gasper 2004, p. 1). According to Marx, material circumstances create the distinct ideologies and moral, religious, and other beliefs that humans possess (Gasper 2004, p. 1). The German ideology equally notes that actual material conditions produce communist revolution since there will be contradictions in capitalism. It also asserts that transformations in a society depend on the working class who possess material conditions and occupy a unique position in capitalism (Gasper 2004, p. 1). The German Ideology assumes that it is reality, which creates the mind, and the mind does not create reality. Indeed, Marx and Engels regarded the ideology as an upside-down sublimation, a set of ‘re?exes and echoes of life process’, of ‘phantoms formed in the human brain’ detached from the world (Freeden 2006, p. 4). More so, Karl Marx assumes the hegemony of a uni?ed ideological position

Development of a Mathematical Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development of a Mathematical Model - Essay Example Major immediate concerns are the possibility of underground movement of the gasoline, pollution of ground water and sewage systems and contamination of housing by toxic and flammable fumes. The effects of this spillage is mainly on water pollution and air pollution, the sewage pollution is not likely to have any effect on the people, the pollution of underground water as a result of this spillage and air pollution due to the effects of flammable flames are likely to affect the people and therefore we will develop a mathematical model as follows that explains this effects. Petroleum products are hydrocarbons and have the chemical formula CnH2n+2; Trimethylpentane is used as gasoline and has the chemical formula C8H18, in this scenario therefore the contact of petroleum with oxygen takes the following reaction: This reaction with oxygen produces carbon dioxide, water and heat; however the incomplete combustion of gasoline is harmful in that it causes the formation of carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide as shown below in the chemical reaction: Therefore this will result to the formation of gases that once they are inhaled endanger health, carbon monoxide reacts with red blood cells which carry oxygen from the lungs to the other pats of the body to form an irreversible compound therefore a person who inhales this gas could die due to insufficient oxygen in the body. Petroleum is insoluble in water and therefore does not react with water, it is less dense than water and therefore will float in water, therefore to its causes to underground water will only affect the availability of clean underground water. We will not consider the effect on land because there are no major direct effects as a result of the spillage, we shall not also consider the effect of the spillage on sewage lines because the contents are not of use to human beings. Our major concern therefore is the production of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, we can form the following mathematical model that analysis the effect of one litre of fuel: One mole of gas occupies 26.5 litres volume at standard temperature and pressure, therefore one mole of C8H18 will produce 2 moles of carbon monoxide and two moles of nitric oxide, therefore if 1,000 litres of petroleum was spilt then this will produce 37.74 litres of carbon monoxide and 37.74 moles of nitric oxide.3 The model can therefore be specified as follows E= 2 litres carbon monoxide + two litres nitric oxide, and this is per litre of petroleum spilt, Where E is the total effect. Scenario two (b) There has been a spillage of gasoline from a road tanker in a town (population, 5500). Most of the gasoline

The Effects of IDD (Intervertebral Differential Dynamics) Theapy Dissertation

The Effects of IDD (Intervertebral Differential Dynamics) Theapy - Dissertation Example It covers about 200 hours of practical exposure to interesting clinical therapies, experiences that I could not get from my classroom. During the internship, I treated a patient for spinal injury using IDD. This paper is about the effects of Invertebrate Differential Dynamic (IDD) Therapy on Spinal injuries. 3 Literature Review Several studies have been carried out in the area of using non-clinical therapies to cure spinal cord injuries or chronic low back pain in medical and clinical practices. This effort is essential in reducing the amount of exposure patients have to clinical operations, and promote natural wellness even in the medical field. Low Back Pain and Spinal Injury Low back pain has become a prevalent condition that reportedly affects about 40% in the United States within a specified period of one month interval. This statistics points to seriousness of this situation as it prevents adult population from contributing enough at their respective workplaces (Deyo et al., 20 06). However, it is worrisome that most of the low back pain (LBP) suffered by people today have no apparent pathoanatomic cause; and this has increased the grave concern among practitioners as they scramble to find the best treatment for LBP. Although, the known cause of low back pain is the disorder of the lumbar intervertebral disks which often leads to irritation of the lumbar nerve roots. —a known symptom of spinal injury. Research findings have revealed that nerve root linkage is responsible for exactly 10% cases of low back pain with a projected prevalence range starting from 12% to 43% (Stafford et al., 2007). Understandably, the low back pain caused by involvement of nerve root (spinal injury) has been found to only responsible for a fraction of low back pain; other related factors include but are not restricted to severe symptoms, increased danger of becoming a chronic LBP and the absence of work or failure 4 to cater for the condition due to lack of sufficient fina ncial capability (Konstantinou and Dunn, 2008). Treating low back pain and spinal injury Previously, patients suffering from

Impacts of Motivation in Employee Performance Essay Example for Free

Impacts of Motivation in Employee Performance Essay 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Back Ground of the Study The study was attempted to investigate analytically the major causes of employees’ motivation in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. To accomplish this, the research was considered to take appropriate data that relevant to the problem. Since, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is the major sector that supports the current development of Ethiopia economy and the five years of transformation plan, so it should be better to take study to identify the major causes that affects of employees’ motivation toward their work and to propose necessary tools of solution to mitigate the problem. This will be at least a solution currently and in the future for the organization. The major initiatives to conduct this study are also one of the researchers is working in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia that observe most of employees are not satisfied or motivated to work. This forced the rest researchers to examine the basic problems of human resource management unable to conduct how frequently motivate employees’ in the existing work place using financial and non financial tools. If this problems not solved, it may affects the image of the organization, belongingness workers etc†¦gradually. Considering this, it should be necessary to conduct study to identify the major causes of employees’ dissatisfaction in their work place that affects motivation, and the drawback of motivation packages relative to the image of the organization and its strategic plan which is to be â€Å"Classic Bank In The World†. To do an extensive study, the researcher performed methodological ways of gathering data pursuant to the problems and objective of the study paper. The employees are one of the vital resources or ingredient that will help organization to achieve its objectives. Employees supply their talents, knowledge, skill and experience towards to the achievement of organizational objectives. To get maximum performance from employees, the organization must have the necessary motivational scheme that encourages employees for better performance. Optimizing performance of employees by motivational factors is challenging and sensitive due to uniqueness of working force which came to organization from different socio-economical background. Performances of motivated employees create high productivity, innovativeness and good attitudes towards the organizations. There is a relationship between motivational factors and some facts of the employees behavior such as performance, turnover, absenteeism, poor attendance, willingness to do more, creativity, flexibility, and commitment to the organization. So motivation has important implications because it affects the individual quality of work, life, and performance. Therefore, managers are expected to have necessary skill on how to motivate employees. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia as a service rendering organization thereby maximizing its profit, its quality of service is highly determined by devotion of its employees. Therefore, the bank has to give importance to the recruitment of educated employees, to staff training and the improvement of workers’ benefit packages. Besides, it has to revise its benefit package with a view to motivating its staff towards greater efficiency and competence. In general, the study was focused on to investigate the real causes of employees’ dissatisfaction at their work place in the Bank and its impacts toward the image, rest of employees’ belongingness. 1.2 Back Ground of the Organization Currently, the Commercial Bank Ethiopia (CBE) has 15 district offices and above 300 branches throughout the country serving as market outlets. As the largest bank and development partner of the Ethiopian Government, the CBE has transferred Birr 1.23 Billion in 2008 1 to the coffers/treasure of the state. In 2005/2006, the market share of the Bank was 24% and 76% for credit extension and deposit mobilization, in that order. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) is the leading Bank in the country. It has over 8,600 employees and close to 2 million accounts holders throughout the country, and total asset of Birr 73.7billion, total deposit and other liabilities of Birr 56.1 billion and outstanding loans of Birr 22.9 billion, and close to 70 years of solid accumulated banking experience. The CBE is in the forefront of the banking industry in meeting the financial needs of the various sectors, sub-sectors and ongoing varied investment projects in the economy. It has diversified credit portfolio with loan facilities extended ranging from farmers’ cooperatives to commercial farmers and large manufacturing and construction project. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia currently has given services for customers such as Deposit, Loan service, foreign currency service etc†¦ The CBE has a vision to be world a worldwide class commercial bank by 2025.It has also set a strategy of exceeding customers and stake holder’s expectation through service excellence and business growth supporting the development efforts in the country. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia currently played a great role for the development of the economy to achieve the million goal of the country. (CBE Public Relations Documentation, 2011). 1.3 Statement of the Problem It is obvious that currently Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is a major blood for the current economic growth of Ethiopia. In order to fulfill this, the company mobilized big amount of foreign and domestic currency to facilitate and support high investment process in the economy. To perform effectively this, the firm should have well developed human resource management tools to enhance the work forces motivation toward their work which help to create loyal and belonging employees in the work area. This has a direct relationship with the service quality level to satisfy the existing and prospect customers. Moreover to introduce new and modern type of working system throughout the organization, there should be also a sound strategy of workers motivation program, which helps to increase workers retention in the bank. Organizations that only focus on its goal, without considering the factors of employees motivation toward their works has become a cause of fragility of the business in the long run. In this essence, employees that are not satisfied in their organization could not be initiated to exert more efforts effectively in the organization, instead they will look for other opportunities externally and vote with their feet by moving their allegiance to competitors, and this will affect the firms in the long run. The outcomes of the research will help the organization to take the necessary corrective measurements in the future and to revise its motivation strategy of employees. Because of the above major problems, the existing employees’ lack confidence on the bank. Moreover, the bank faces problem of employees’ turnover due to lack of effective motivation, this also results in high cost of getting experienced employees and recruiting of new one. Therefore; regarding the above problem, the study attempted to respond the following basic research questions. 1.What is the feeling and attitudes of employees towards to motivational factors used in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia? 2.What are the consequences of job dis-satisfaction in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia? 3.What are the consequences of lack of motivated employees’ performance? 4.What is the effect of motivation on employees’ loyalty to the organization? 5.What kind of action should be taken by the bank to increase employees’ motivation toward work areas? 6.What are the basic factors for employees’ motivation in the work area? Is it financial or non financial benefits? 1.4 Objective of the study Due to lack of effective motivation, most employees are dissatisfied to their work place; this creates desperate work forces that perform their work till to get other opportunities of work in order to get the root of the problem the study set the following objectives. General objective The general objective of the study was to identify the causes and impacts of lack of employees’ motivation and to identify the basic causes of dissatisfaction of employees to ward their work, which aggravated lack of employees’ motivation. Specific Objective †¢To indicate which is the basic factors for lack of employees motivation currently in the bank †¢To show the relation between lack of employees’ motivation impacts and employees’ turnover. †¢To assess the potential consequences of lack of employees’ motivation in the Bank. †¢ To set appropriate recommendation for the problem based on the findings. 1.5 Significance of the study The study identified the major causes of employees’ dissatisfaction, which is a major factor that affects motivation of employees at the work area. The outcomes of the research help to increase employees’ satisfaction at their works that support to increase the service level of customers’ satisfaction. Moreover, increase of work force motivation has also a direct relationship to minimize turnover in the bank. The other advantages of increase of motivation of employees at the work area are enables employees to enhance their loyalty for the organization and at the same time employees’ belongingness increase. This also helps for the reputation of the image of the bank. Employees will increase their efficiency to serve their customers with smiling face. Moreover also; the study provided a hint for other researchers as a reference, and the findings of the study will help to give valuable information for top management to establish new system to increase employe es’ motivation. 1.6 Scope of the study The study considered major causes of employees’ lack of motivation in the Bank especially focusing in the area of Addis Ababa core operation. It scopes limited to study employees’ lack of motivation in Addis Ababa area only, by taking as a population and sample of the existing employees. 1.7 Limitation of the Study The major limitation of the study is constraints of time and collecting appropriate data from respondents since there was few samples unwillingness to return the questionnaires properly. 1.8 Research Methodology 1.8.1 Research Design The study applied the following types of research method to investigate the problems. The research is designed by using both Primary Secondary data. 1.8.2 Source of Data Methods of Data Collection The method of data collection carried out by distribution of questioners, which consist of both closed and open-end questioners. The questioners were being the main instrument of primary data collection. The secondary data gathered from different books, literature review, internet and printed materials. 1.8.3Sampling Design Techniques A sampling technique of random sampling adopted by taking the sample from the selected four city branches and two departments of Manager and non-manager line staff employees of commercial bank of Ethiopia. The total population was taken 200. 1.8.4Methods of Data Analysis Descriptive and explanatory methods of data analysis applied. Test hypothesis for possible interdependence and effect relation ships conducted for easy understanding of trends of some patterns of distribution, table, percentage and interpretation of data conducted based on the response and theoretical concepts. 1.9 Organization of the paper The study paper included four chapters. The first chapter is about the introduction part which contains back ground, statement of problems, objective of the study, significance, methodology of research, limitation of the study and organization of the paper. In Chapter II, Theoretical concepts from internet are included. Chapter III included the important part of the study, which is data analysis and interpretation, this lead to the final Chapter IV, which described the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation of the paper. CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW OF MOTIVATION 2.1 Motivation and Motivation Theory The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning to move. Motivation can be broadly defined as the forces acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort. Motivation theory is thus concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is activated. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). The broad rubric of motivation and motivation theory is one of the most frequently studied and written-about topics in the organizational sciences, and is considered one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. Despite the magnitude of the effort that has been devoted to the study of motivation, there is no single theory of motivation that is universally accepted. The lack of a unified theory of motivation reflects both the complexity of the construct and the diverse backgrounds and aims of those who study it. To delineate these crucial points, it is illuminating to consider the development of motivation and motivation theory as the objects of scientific inquiry. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.2 Historical Development Early explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists writing in the late 19th and early twentieth century have suggested that human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways, depending upon the behavioral cues to which they were exposed. Sigmund Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of individual behavior were those of which the individual was not consciously aware. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). According to Motivation and Leadership at Work (Steers, Porter, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on internal drives as an explanation for motivated behavior. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behavior on the consequences of past behavior. Still others examined the influence of individuals cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have about future events. Over time, these major theoretical streams of research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.3 Major Content Theories Content (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an individual to act or move (hence, motivate) toward the satisfaction of individual needs. The content theories of motivation are based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives. Major content theories of motivation are Maslows hierarchy of needs, Alderfers ERG theory, Herzbergs motivator-hygiene theory, and McClellands learned needs or three-needs theory. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.3.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs, which suggests that individual needs exist in a hierarchy consisting of physiological needs, security needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic needs for food, water, and other factors necessary for survival. Security needs include needs for safety in ones physical environment, stability, and freedom from emotional distress. Belongingness needs relate to desires for friendship, love, and acceptance within a given community of individuals. Esteem needs are those associated with obtaining the respect of ones self and others. Finally, self-actualization needs are those corresponding to the achievement ones own potential, the exercising and testing of ones creative capacities, and, in general, to becoming the best person one can possibly be. Unsatisfied needs motivate behavior; thus, lower-level needs such as the physiological and security needs must be met before upper-level needs such as belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization can be motivational. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). Applications of the hierarchy of needs to management and the workplace are obvious. According to the implications of the hierarchy, individuals must have their lower level needs met by, for example, safe working conditions, adequate pay to take care of ones self and ones family, and job security before they will be motivated by increased job responsibilities, status, and challenging work assignments. Despite the ease of application of this theory to a work setting, this theory has received little research support and therefore is not very useful in practice. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.3.2 Alderfer’s Erg Theory. The ERG theory is an extension of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Alderfer suggested that needs could be classified into three categories, rather than five. These three types of needs are existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs are similar to Maslows physiological and safety need categories. Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships and are comparable to aspects of Maslows belongingness and esteem needs. Growth needs are those related to the attainment of ones potential and are associated with Maslows esteem and self-actualization needs. 1.The ERG theory differs from the hierarchy of needs in that it does not suggest that lower-level needs must be completely satisfied before upper-level needs become motivational. ERG theory also suggests that if an individual is continually unable to meet upper-level needs that the person will regress and lower-level needs become the major determinants of their motivation. ERG theorys implications for managers are similar to those for the needs hierarchy: managers should focus on meeting employees existence, relatedness, and growth needs, though without necessarily applying the proviso that, say, job-safety concerns necessarily take precedence over challenging and fulfilling job requirements. (http://wwww.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf). 2.3.3 Motivator-Hygiene Theory. Frederick Herzberg developed the motivator-hygiene theory. This theory is closely related to Maslows hierarchy of needs but relates more specifically to how individuals are motivated in the workplace. Based on his research, Herzberg argued that meeting the lower-level needs (hygiene factors) of individuals would not motivate them to exert effort, but would only prevent them from being dissatisfied. Only if higher-level needs (motivators) were met would individuals be motivated. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). The implication for managers of the motivator-hygiene theory is that meeting employees lower-level needs by improving pay, benefits, safety, and other job-contextual factors will prevent employees from becoming actively dissatisfied but will not motivate them to exert additional effort toward better performance. To motivate workers, according to the theory, managers must focus on changing the intrinsic nature and content of jobs themselves by enriching them to increase employees autonomy and their opportunities to take on additional responsibility, gain recognition, and develop their skills and careers. 2.3.4 Mcclellands Learned Needs Theory. McClellands theory suggests that individuals learn needs from their culture. Three of the primary needs in this theory are the need for affiliation (n Aff), the need for power (n Pow), and the need for achievement (n Ach). The need for affiliation is a desire to establish social relationships with others. The need for power reflects a desire to control ones environment and influence others. The need for achievement is a desire to take responsibility, set challenging goals, and obtain performance feedback. The main point of the learned needs theory is that when one of these needs is strong in a person, it has the potential to motivate behavior that leads to its satisfaction. Thus, managers should attempt to develop an understanding of whether and to what degree their employees have one or more of these needs, and the extent to which their jobs can be structured to satisfy them. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4 Major Process Theories Process (or cognitive) theories of motivation focus on conscious human decision processes as an explanation of motivation. The process theories are concerned with determining how individual behavior is energized, directed, and maintained in the specifically willed and self-directed human cognitive processes. Process theories of motivation are based on early cognitive theories, which posit that behavior is the result of conscious decision-making processes. The major process theories of motivation are expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, and reinforcement theory. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.1 Expectancy Theory. In the early 1960s, Victor Vroom applied concepts of behavioral research conducted in the 1930s by Kurt Lewin and Edward Tolman directly to work motivation. Basically, Vroom suggested that individuals choose work behaviors that they believe lead to outcomes they value. In deciding how much effort to put into a work behavior, individuals are likely to consider: †¢Their expectancy, meaning the degree to which they believe that putting forth effort will lead to a given level of performance. †¢Their instrumentality or the degree to which they believe that a given level of performance will result in certain outcomes or rewards. †¢Their valence, which is the extent to which the expected outcomes are attractive or unattractive. All three of these factors are expected to influence motivation in a multiplicative fashion, so that for an individual to be highly motivated, all three of the components of the expectancy model must be high. And, if even one of these is zero (e.g., instrumentality and valence are high, but expectancy is completely absent), the person will have not motivation for the task. Thus, managers should attempt, to the extent possible, to ensure that their employees believe that increased effort will improve performance and that performance will lead to valued rewards. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). In the late 1960s, Porter and Lawler published an extension of the Vroom expectancy model, which is known as the Porter-Lawler expectancy model or simply the Porter-Lawler model. Although the basic premise of the Porter-Lawler model is the same as for Vrooms model, the Porter-Lawler model is more complex in a number of ways. It suggests that increased effort does not automatically lead to improved performance because individuals may not possess the necessary abilities needed to achieve high levels of performance, or because they may have an inadequate or vague perception of how to perform necessary tasks. Without an understanding of how to direct effort effectively, individuals may exert considerable effort without a corresponding increase in performance. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.2 Equity Theory. Equity theory suggests that individuals engage in social comparison by comparing their efforts and rewards with those of relevant others. The perception of individuals about the fairness of their rewards relative to others influences their level of motivation. Equity exists when individuals perceive that the ratio of efforts to rewards is the same for them as it is for others to whom they compare themselves. Inequity exists when individuals perceive that the ratio of efforts to rewards is different (usually negatively so) for them than it is for others to whom they compare themselves. There are two types of inequity—under-reward and over-reward. Under-reward occurs when a person believes that she is either puts in more efforts than another, yet receives the same reward, or puts in the same effort as another for a lesser reward. For instance, if an employee works longer hours than her coworker, yet they receive the same salary, the employee would perceive inequity in the form o f under-reward. Conversely, with over-reward, a person will feel that his efforts to rewards ratio is higher than another persons, such that he is getting more for putting in the same effort, or getting the same reward even with less effort. While research suggests that under-reward motivates individuals to resolve the inequity, research also indicates that the same is not true for over-reward. Individuals who are over-rewarded often engage in cognitive dissonance, convincing themselves that their efforts and rewards are equal to anothers. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). According to the equity theory, individuals are motivated to reduce perceived inequity. Individuals may attempt to reduce inequity in various ways. A person may change his or her level of effort; an employee who feels under-rewarded is likely to work less hard. A person may also try to change his or her rewards, such as by asking for a raise. Another option is to change the behavior of the reference person, perhaps by encouraging that person to put forth more effort. Finally, a person experiencing inequity may change the reference person and compare him or herself to a different person to assess equity. For managers, equity theory emphasizes the importance of a reward system that is perceived as fair by employees. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.3 Goal-Setting Theory. The goal-setting theory posits that goals are the most important factors affecting the motivation and behavior of employees. This motivation theory was developed primarily by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham. Goal-setting theory emphasizes the importance of specific and challenging goals in achieving motivated behavior. Specific goals often involve quantitative targets for improvement in a behavior of interest. Research indicates that specific performance goals are much more effective than those in which a person is told to do your best. Challenging goals are difficult but not impossible to attain. Empirical research supports the proposition that goals that are both specific and challenging are more motivational than vague goals or goals that are relatively easy to achieve. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). Several factors may moderate the relationship between specific and challenging goals and high levels of motivation. The first of these factors is goal commitment, which simply means that the more dedicated the individual is to achieving the goal, the more they will be motivated to exert effort toward goal accomplishment. Some research suggests that having employees participate in goal setting will increase their level of goal commitment. A second factor relevant to goal-setting theory is self-efficacy, which is the individuals belief that he or she can successfully complete a particular task. If individuals have a high degree of self-efficacy, they are likely to respond more positively to specific and challenging goals than if they have a low degree of self-efficacy. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.4 Reinforcement Theory. This theory can be traced to the work of the pioneering behaviorist B.F. Skinner. It is considered a motivation theory as well as a learning theory. Reinforcement theory posits that motivated behavior occurs as a result of reinforces, which are outcomes resulting from the behavior that makes it more likely the behavior will occur again. This theory suggests that it is not necessary to study needs or cognitive processes to understand motivation, but that it is only necessary to examine the consequences of behavior. Behavior that is reinforced is likely to continue, but behavior that is not rewarded or behavior that is punished is not likely to be repeated. Reinforcement theory suggests to managers that they can improve employees performance by a process of behavior modification in which they reinforce desired behaviors and punish undesired behaviors. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.5 People Motivation- Non – financial Notes Most business recognizes the need for non- financial methods of motivation. The main ones are described briefly below. 2.5.1 Job Enlargement Job enlargement involves adding extra, similar tasks to a job. In job enlargement, the job itself remains essentially unchanged. However, by widening the range of tasks that need to be performed, hopefully the employees will experience less repetition and monotony. With job enlargement, the employees rarely need to acquire new skills to carry out the additional task. A possible negative effect is that job enlargement can be viewed by employees as a requirement to carry out more work for the same pay. (http://tutor ). 2.5.2 Job Rotation Job rotation involves the movement of employees through a range of jobs in order to increase interest and motivation. For example, an administrative employee might spent part of the week looking after the reception area of business, dealing with customers and enquires. Some time might then be spent manning the company telephone switch board and then inputting data onto a database. Job rotation may offer the advantage of making it easier to cover for absent colleagues, but it may also reduce productivity as workers are initially unfamiliar with a new task. Job rotation also often involves the need for extra training. (http://tutor ). 2.5.3 Job enrichment Job enrichment attempts to give employees greater responsibility by increasing the range and complexity of tasks they are asked to do and giving them the necessary authority. It motivates by giving employees the opportunity to use their abilities to the fullest. Successful job enrichment almost always requires further investment in employee training. (http://tutor ). 2.5.4 Team Working and Empowerment Empowerment involves giving people greater control over their working lives. Organizing the labour force into team with degree of autonomy can achieve this. This means that employees plan their own work, take their own decision and solve their own problems. Teams are set targets to achieve and may receive and may receive rewards for doing so. Empowerment teams are an increasingly popular method of organizing employees at work. (http://tutor ).

Strategic Analysis Of Masdar Commerce Essay

Strategic Analysis Of Masdar Commerce Essay Strategic Management pertains to the alignment of the strategies with the mission and vision of the organization by means of which the managerial approach adopted by the organization may be made highly effective. The inception of strategic management ensures that the environmental factors are duly accounted for while preparing the various strategies for the organization. A strategic analysis would not only reveal the factors which is currently affecting an organization but would also highlight the competitive advantage attained by the company with respect to the competition in the market. Moreover the effect of the organizational structure prevalent in the organization also determines the strategic decisions of the company. It is therefore necessary to evaluate all the aspects of a company in order to effectively analyze the companys strategic leverage in the market. The need for strategic management is felt most nowadays due to the fact that organizations aim at entering the global market and being an active contributor to the development of the global economic integration. (What is Strategic Management?) The following is a description of the strategic analysis of Masdar and the possible impact of its organizational structure on its strategic management. This would be inclusive of the analysis of the various external as well as internal factors affecting the operational environment of the company. Moreover the recent strategic move by the company for expanding the scope of their operations to international regions has generated a dire need for a strategic analysis to be conducted for the company by means of which the strategies may be enhanced. (What is Strategic Management?) Industry Situation: The UAE economy is booming and flourishing unprecedented infrastructural development and this era has been marked as the era of economic transition that is characterized by strategic partnerships, incoming of foreign investments in infrastructure development prior held by the government of UAE. The entire economy is undergoing massive development in the areas of education and health sector, tourism, hospitality, power and transport, and other commercial developments eventually giving a new shape to the urban development in the country (UN I T E D A R A B E M I R AT E S Y E A R B O O K , 2007). In terms of urban development, Abu Dhabi is planning to invest about merely AED 55 billion over next couple of years on infrastructure projects. The major investments will include developments of airports, world class ports and industrial zones in Mussafah, the 11000 unit Showayba City in Mussafah, Mohammad bin Zayed City and Khalifa City (UN I T E D A R A B E M I R AT E S Y E A R B O O K , 2007). The country has already embarked with the remodeling and renovation of buildings at roads in the city center, along with the redefining and redevelopment of Central Market, incurring a substantial cost of DH 2.6 billion. The transportation element in the development plan is constantly updating to meet the imperative challenge of spiraling traffic on the roads of the region. The traffic has been increased from over a quarter of a million with an increase to 237, 891 vehicles registered in the last assessment year. The opening of the Emirates Palace in Abu Dhabi in the white sandy beach spearheaded the zeal within Abu Dhabi in terms of tourism related infrastructure development (UN I T E D A R A B E M I R AT E S Y E A R B O O K , 2007). The spectacular urban development and infrastructural growth has resulted in the escalating demand for power and electricity with a continuous increase in the demand over the years. The government has formulated several plans to meet the continuous rise in the demand and is implementing the plans in order to increase the capacity to about 60% than present. It has been estimated that major production of electricity is fueled with the natural gas and the remaining is met by the production through diesel generation (UN I T E D A R A B E M I R AT E S Y E A R B O O K , 2007). On examining the major indicators, it has been articulated that Abu Dhabi is currently enjoying an enviable position and the economy is accelerating by registering its per capita income as one of the highest figures across the world. In a drive for diversification of the economy and achievement of sustainability, the Emirate is stimulating its non oil sectors, and especially entering into export oriented businesses. On the assumption that the hydrocarbon sector will likely to grow on the past historic trend, the Emirate aims to clinch for around 65% contribution by the non oil sectors in the economy by the end of 2030, reversing the current picture of sectoral contribution to overall GDP and economy (The Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030). The new and contemporary knowledge based industries are bringing new values and opportunities in the industry and encouraging foreign capital from global world. The principles that underpin and strengthen business strategies making investments commercially viable and generating long term profits over the long term and delivering social returns to the entire United Arab Emirates (The Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030). Company Situation: History Growth: Masdar was found and established in the year 2006 as an independent wholly owned subsidiary of the government of Abu Dhabi and Mubadala Development Company. The Masdar initiative is an enterprise that works with five integrated units in order to spread its hands to the world of renewable energy and sustainable technology industry. The establishment of Masdar City in the year 2006 had brought a common platform for businesses and companies to thrive and flourish at the same time provided high quality living environment with the lowest trace of ecology (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). With the foundation of Masdar Clean Technology Fund in 2006, Masdar Capital was established to provide capital management expertise to the companies operating under renewable energy and clean technology. Later, after a couple of years Masdar Institute of Science Technology was established in the year 2009 as a graduate level University, with special emphasis on sustainable and clean technologies. Also, an addition was made to the Masdar Capital as a DB Masdar Clean Tech Fund in the year 2009. Masdar Carbon was also established during this period for the management of projects pertaining to reduce the carbon emissions with the aid of energy efficiency and carbon dioxide recovery and reducing waste of heat. Additionally, in order to build a large portfolio of large scale renewable power energy plants globally, Masdar Power was established (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). Developments: Thousands of visitors to the UAE are enjoying hunt out organic and eco-friendly gifts and food products available at the Friday Market at Masdar City. Masdar installs the First Rapid Charger in Middle East in order to serve as a test bed for green technologies in collaboration with Mitsubushi Heavy Industries Ltd. Masdar will be served as a Lead Sponsor in the World Energy Forum 2012 that is to be held in at Dubai International Convention and Exhibition Center. Masdar played a key role in the international gathering of the Sustainability week held in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Masdar was awarded as the Energy Company of the Year during the stint of first ceremony of Gulf Business Industry Awards. Masdar as a key pillar of Abu Dhabi addressed the International Peace Institute that was kept to stress upon the significance of diversification of energy for achieving security and peace in the community (Press Releases). Strategic Posture: Vision and Mission Statement Establish the Emirate of Abu Dhabi as one of the most excellent avenue of renewable energy development and clean technologies to attain a global benchmark for sustainable development and to make advancement in sustainable technology and renewable energy with the aid of education, RD, commercialization and adaptation (About us). Goals Objectives: Expansion in Export Base. Encouragement of Public-Private Partnerships Substantial investment in education and research. To provide training and educate workers in knowledge based sectors. To persuade investment in areas of intellectual infrastructural gains. To contribute towards the growth of non oil sector share of the Emirates economy (About us). Strategies: In order to achieve a competitive edge in the renewable energy and technologies industry, Masdar has designed a framework that stresses upon implementation of key strategies those are outlined below Corporate Level Strategy: Masdar is heavily dependent on vertical integration for achievement of long term profitability. Masdar has adopted the exploitation of the network structure that is allowing the echelons to replace the non-performing alliance partners with those of new partners who fails to meet the expectations and standards of Masdar. Also, the giant works closely with the supplier partners with an aim to reduce costs and increase product quality. Masdar has decisively begun the realignment of promotion to address the challenges of market and the management firmly believes that this will result in the presentation and profitability of the Masdar brand in the UAE (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). Business Level Strategy: Masdar places a significant emphasis on the product differentiation and innovation and this is the key reason in popularizing of its units across the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In an effort to achieve 100% zero waste and working with renewable technologies, Masdar has adopted several business related strategies. The Wind tower above the buildings helps in unswerving the cooler upper level winds into the open-air. The designing of buildings underlies reduction in water consumption through the use of efficient appliances, low-flow showers, smart water meters, real time monitoring for tracking water consumption of consumer and also for water harvesting and recycling (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). Use of air conditioned electric powered Personal Rapid Transit Vehicles within the premises and campuses of the Masdar units. The Photovoltaic roof of the buildings, connected with the solar plant contributes about 30% of the electric load of the buildings. The structure of the units has been inspired by the theme of the regional landscape and thereby a series of courtyard and street spaces have been building within the city and the campus. These strategies encompass the overall positioning and popularity of the Masdar in the market (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). Functional Level Strategies: The integrated supply chain and sustainable procurement is well supported through a stringent process of assessment along with a brief description about supplier contact information. The assessment takes place across 15 criterions established to achieve sustainability that includes energy and water saving, minimization of waste use of bio-based materials and recycled packaging. The operations are well carried out with an aim to reduce carbon footprint eventually result in lower operational costs. The approach of Sandbag building is used for logistics, staff accommodation and office structures for achieving thermal efficiency (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). Policy: Masdar aims at achieving the following objectives through its policies Expansion of the export base and in turn generating increased revenue for the emirate. Boosting and encouraging entrepreneurship in the private -sector as regards the existing industrial setup. Making investments in the academic growth so as to stimulate the sense of innovation among the future generations as well as developing and shaping the minds of the people working in this sector presently. Focusing on the importance of workers in the knowledge based sectors by exercising employee retention, on job training, and providing attractive incentives for the workers in this sector. Highlighting the importance of Intellectual Property in the emirate by encouraging substantial investment for achieving gains in this particular field. Providing growth and development opportunities in the non-oil sector of the emirates economy and also removing the effect of fluctuations in oil prices on the economy. The decoupling of this factor is of paramount importance as it would allow for achieving economic stability. (About us) Current Problems: No Availability of Bank Finance for Property in UAE. No access of Abu Dhabis Metro to Masdar.   Corporate Governance: Board of Directors: Masdar is chaired by Al Sayegh who has put in exceptional efforts towards the development of Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company and that is Masdar. All through his career, he was worked towards several environmental initiatives. Sultan Al Jaber is the CEO and Managing Director of the company and with whose efforts Abu Dhabis pioneering renewable energy initiative launched in the year 2006. Other board members of the company are HE Abdulla Nasser Al Suwaidi who is the chief executive officer of ADNOC, Carlos Obeid, the chief financial officer of the Mubadala Development Company and Waleed Al Muhairi, the chief operating officer of Mubadala Development Company (Board Members). Capture.PNG (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy) External Environment Analysis: PEST Analysis Politico-Legal Factors (Moderate Rating) The Middle East has witnessed significant growth and development over the past years which have mainly been brought about by the tremendous contribution of the oil sector in the respective regions. This has resulted in the development of an industrially fertile hub which has attracted various multinational corporations, diplomatic relations and investments made by the government in the various initiatives. (O). One of the most significant challenges facing this region is the existence of political revolution in the Middle Eastern countries which poses a threat to the economic prosperity and future prospects of this region. There is a significant possibility that these changes can affect the outcomes of the countries in a negative manner, thereby affecting the entire business scenario in these regions. The impact of the Emiratization policy may be seen in the Labor law which requires private sector organizations to employ 20% of their work force from the domestic population compulsorily. This means that any private sector organization which fails to adhere to the recruitment regulations would be banned from undertaking any further recruitment of additional foreign employees in their organization (T). Economic Factors (Moderate Rating) The economies of the Middle East have witnessed a significant rise in the past decades wherein they have been characterized with adequate economic stability and viable growth rates which are inclusive of their increased GDP and Fiscal Balance. The UAE and other Middle Eastern regions have benefited from the rising oil prices which have led to increased revenue generation for these economies, especially foreign exchange revenue and this has been the key reason behind its immense development as witnessed up till now. Another factor which may be attributed to the sustained growth of the Middle Eastern countries have been the outsourcing of business from regions such as China and India which offer services at relatively less costs. Due to high dependency on the oil industry, the Middle Eastern Economies have been subjected to vulnerability owing to the frequent fluctuations being witnessed in the prices of oil and gas commodities (T). One of the most relevant examples of this condition may be witnessed in the economic growth statistics of Abu Dhabi which was reported to be 2.9% owing to the impact of depreciated oil prices evident on a global scale. This rating was significantly lower in comparison with the ratings of the past years. However the year 2010-2011 witnessed the recovery of the economy from the effects of the price depreciations with the new conditions characterized by price stabilizations of oil commodities. In light of this stabilization,, the primary driving force behind the regional GDP was the expenditure and investment made by the government for enhancing its existing sectors. UAE had started focusing its efforts towards the development of its non-oil sectors in order to reduce the excessive dependency from its oil sector. The outcome of these efforts was the booming of the real estate sector and the constructions industry which received significant projects such as Abu Dhabi Ferrari Theme Park, Burj-al-Arab, Emirates Palace and the highly renowned Palm Jumeriah Islands. This led to the growth and development of the Ecological infrastructure development companies in the UAE due to the positive outcomes provided by the constructions industry in the region (O). The Middle Eastern governments have given due emphasis on the infrastructural developments in their respective regions. Various global events that have occurred in the region have been witnessed with the advent of investments for the development of the infrastructure in order to ensure its compliance with the global standards in terms of infrastructural capabilities. An example of this may be seen in the hosting of the Asian Games and the forthcoming Football World Cup in 2022 which would be hosted in Qatar. In response to the incidence of these events, the Qatari government has made investments of values up to billions of dollars for initiating the structural developments. In keeping with the need to adhere to green initiatives as promoted by the Middle Eastern countries, Masdar has shifted its efforts towards the development of such resources that aim at conserving energy and ensuring maximum utilization of resource while reducing negative effects on the environment. With its initi atives such as Masdar Power and Masdar city, the public organization is trying to establish a sustainable infrastructure in the UAE (O). Socio-cultural (Low Rating) UAE is a predominant Muslim Nation and has not been significantly affected by the existence of various foreign nationals in the country. The development of the nation is the most significant aspect being given importance by the government currently and in light of the need to maximize the optimal utilization of the resources, the people are being encouraged to use recyclable and environmental friendly products by means of which the excessive exploitation of resources may be avoided (O). The adherence to green initiatives and practices also relieves significant dependency from the traditional fuel sources for the accomplishment of various tasks. In terms of the costs saved from the energy conserved by the adoption of green practices, the value of considerable amount which can be invested in other highly prospective and viable areas (O). The adherence of green practices also provides significant benefits to the health of the people wherein the use of environment friendly products eliminates the possibility of the release of contaminants into the atmosphere or the release of pollutants into the water or ground which could eventually affect the fertility of the resources and in turn affecting the lives of the people. Hence the efforts of Masdar towards the development of sustainable and green technologies are not only in accordance with the interests of the people but are also satisfying a social cause. Such conditions also showcase a commercially viable opportunity for Masdar (O). Technological (Moderate Rating) The UAE is known for its advanced technological infrastructure and the presence of high level technical support structures by means of which it has been able to maintain the highest efficiency levels on a global scale. It is also credited with having one of the most advanced ICT network and infrastructure in the UAE which has made the sustenance of various organizations in its economy. The presence of such facilities has enabled the research and development of renewable and sustainable sources which is highly effective in ensuring that the activities of Masdar are achieved as per the expectations. (O) The presence of the internet has enabled a larger population to avail the information about the various services and products offered by Masdar and the people can also stay updated with the recent developments being done by the organization. In terms of the provision of electricity, the people can track their consumption on a periodic basis and can see the extent to which the energy has been conserved by them. Such possibilities hold tremendous opportunities for Masdar (O). The frequent advancements being witnessed in the field of technological developments have resulted in the risk being generated for the business organizations as it is difficult to adapt to these changes. If frequent adaptation to these changes would be done then the effectiveness of the system would be compromised which would eventually have an impact on the performance of the organization (T). Five Forces Model Diagram Threat of New Entrants (Rating: Low) There is minimal threat from new entrants as Masdar being a UAE government initiative, it has been provided with all the required resources for ensuring the research and development of sustainable technologies and the possibility of new entrants in this field are highly unlikely (O). Bargaining Power of Buyers (Rating: low) In light of the recent recession and economic inflation, the presence of sustainable technologies would not only provide the benefits of reduced costs of operations but would also help to maximize the utilization of the resources, thereby reducing investments made in the acquisition of additional resources. This is a preferred outcome for the people and hence the bargaining power of buyers is low. Even in the case of Masdar University, the institution provides exclusive courses aimed at the conduction of research in the field of renewable energy development. This also results in the lowering of the buyers bargaining power (O). Threat of Substitute Products or Services (Rating: High) Other countries are also working towards the achievement of renewable and sustainable technologies in keeping with the need to conserve the environment. This has led to the existence of the threat of substitutes which are not only cheap in comparison to the products or services being provided by Masdar but also affect the overall market share held by the organization (T). Bargaining power of Suppliers (Rating: Moderate) The supply chain for Masdar is inclusive of credible suppliers that have a strong base for providing the technical as well as non technical resources for the development and completion of the various initiatives undertaken by the government (O). However the field of sustainable business technologies requires specialized resources to be provided for the physical development of the technologies and tools and this aspect provides a greater bargaining power to the suppliers (T). Rivalry among competing firms (Rating: Moderately High) In terms of the presence of competitors for energy related services, Masdar is faced with various domestic firms. This competition is also evident in the field of education where institutes like Zayed University, ADU, etc offer professional courses (T). Foreign academic institutions also offer significant opportunities for students to partake their courses and this poses as a significant threat for the organization (T). However the presence of highly specialized courses aimed at sustainable technologies could prove as an incentive to students who wish to undertake training in an upcoming field of research and development (O). Five Forces Analysis: Five Force Analysis Industry Environment Rating Comments Extent of Influence from Rivals Low Government Subsidy Bargaining Power of Customers Low Owing to the presence of single entity providing highest quality of life. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Moderate As there is a switching cost associated. Threat from Substitutes High Oil, gas and nuclear Summary of External Factors EFAS Matrix PEST Opportunities Weight Rating Weighted Score Comments Scope for Expansion in Abu Dhabi (High) 0.5 4 .20 Increasing Profile of Abu Dhabi and 2010 2020 is considered as Abu Dhabis decade. Openings to exploit new technologies (Moderate) 0.15 3.5 0.525 UAE takes a seat on International Atomic Energy Agency and climatic change Pulling of market share from rivals (Low) 0.07 3.8 0.266 Based on clean and green technology PEST Threats Weight Rating Weighted Score Comments Environmental Dependency (High) 0.18 4.2 0.756 Highly depend upon solar energy and climate change. Market Growth (Moderate) 0.02 2.5 0.05 Abu Dhabi has invested a great deal in reinventing itself, with its plans to grow its GDP to $416 billion. Decline of Demand (Low) 0.03 2.3 0.069 Increasing awareness of public action and understanding towards green initiatives. Threat from Substitutes (High) 0.5 4 2.0 Huge investment in infrastructure projects. Total 1.0 3.681 Internal Environment Analysis Corporate Structure Masdar is a public sector corporate entity established in Abu Dhabi, UAE for working towards the development in renewable and alternative energy sources and initiating innovations in sustainable technology. Since its inception in 2006, Masdar has diversified into 5 integrated and functional units which are inclusive of a nonprofit research institute encouraging the conduction of research on alternative energy and sustainable technology. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Mubadala Development Company, formed by the Government of Abu Dhabi. Masdar is one of the excellent global centers in terms of renewable energy and clean technology. The organization aims to extend into the future of UAEs current leadership in the energy sector by integrating the following key factors: Research Development Innovation with investment Sustainable production Deployment Export Masdar operates under the flagship of Mubadala Development Company with Ahmed Al Sayegh as the Chairman of the organization. This company is a direct reflection of the vision of UAEs founding father, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and has carried on his dedication towards conservation and sustainable development of the region. The Emirati government has committed a sum of USD 15 Billion to the Masdar Project wherein it would fund its initiatives. This has proven to be one of the most significant strengths of the company as it has a steady supply of funds for its ventures (S). Another strength of the company may be attributed to the presence of a stable management which may be attributed to the stable Emirati government and due to this the governing body and the key members are not replaced frequently (S). The strategic model for this business is fundamentally entrepreneurial in nature wherein the leadership of its chairman and board of directors are crucial for providing the required directives to the 5 diversified units of the organization (W). Since its inception, it has shown significant adherence to the vision of the founding father as well as to the fundamental objectives of UAE (S). However for each independent entity of the organization, there is a separate managerial body present to oversee the activities of the unit and ensuring that they are in compliance with the strategic aims of the parent organization (S) Corporate Culture: . Finding a roadmap to sustainability is the core value of the long term vision of Masdar and the sustainability framework is designed to integrate economic and social and environmental considerations into Masdars corporate culture and strategy. All of the initiatives and efforts of the organization are dedicated to the achievement of sustainability in the UAE by means of which the vision of the founding father of the nation may be fulfilled in an effective manner (S). The diversified units enable the organization to effectively focus its efforts and resources in the development of specific aspects which is highly beneficial in implementing and devising innovative measures to adopt sustainable practices and tools (S). Corporate Resources: Marketing: Masdar is the premier organization in the UAE which is completely dedicated towards the development, research and implementation of sustainable technologies (S). By promoting itself as a provider of sustainable technology, it has appealed to the people of the UAE who have begun focusing on the implementation and adoption of green practices so as to contribute towards ecological sustenance and environmental protection (S). In the process of developing such sustainable tools, the organization has ensured the maintenance of high quality levels which has resulted in the achievement of effective and timely results (S). Masdar does not have a specific product offering in the market it does offer educational programs, green infrastructures and project developments in accordance with sustainable technologies. In this regard, the following marketing mix may be applicable for the organization: Product / Service (High Rating): Masdar has been involved in various sustainable developments such as the development of Masdar city which is one of the first cities to be made with an aim of achieving 0% carbon emission. Another service of Masdar is the provision of education in the field of sustainable research at a no-profit basis. It is also involved in the generation of investment in the various sectors associated with sustainable development. Price (Rating High): The main aim of Masdar is to provide sustainable technologies and support structures by eliminating the presence of excessive costs associated with the services (S). The example of Masdar institute clearly highlights the aim of the company as it is providing the services to the people at no profits. Masdar being a government initiative of the Mubadala Development Company does not have a dire need for generating profits as the economy possesses adequate financial resources due to the efficiency of its oil sectors. Hence the pricing of the services / products of Masdar are highly convenient to the consumers (S). Place (Moderate Rating): The headquarters of Masdar is in Abu Dhabi with other units of the organization located in Abu Dhabi as well. Masdar has entered into various collaborations and strategic alliances with global entities and this has enabled it to extend its reach to global consumers. People on a global scale are now being made aware of the efforts of M

Diversity Incident Analysis :: essays research papers

Diversity Incident Analysis For this assignment, I chose to analyze the diversity incident that is related to multiculturalism. It’s the first case scenario in the exercises section of chapter 9. The case is related to a Mexican immigrant that has been using his available sick days to take his wife to the doctor, even though she is not ill; they are only going for regularly scheduled physical exams. This case involves multiculturalism, and it shows us how, by employing immigrant workers, an organization can start having all kinds of problems when the right policies and procedures regarding diversity and multicultural environments are not in place. â€Å"One of the difficulties of accommodating multiculturalism is that defining a multicultural society or institution seems to be determined by one's perspective. A commonly held view suggests that being multicultural involves tolerance towards racial and ethnic minorities, mainly in the areas of dress, language, food, religious beliefs, and other cultural manifestations.† Most organizations nowadays have to deal with multiculturalism in one way or another. The globalization phenomenon has reached most of the civilized world, and organizations that don’t understand or don’t realize multicultural workforces are the way of the future are going to be displaced and left behind. This case in particular involves a person using his sick days to take his wife to the doctor, even for just a scheduled check-up. Although company policy states that sick days may only be used for the illness of an employee or the illness of a member of his/her immediate family, this is a case where multiculturalism in the workplace plays a big role. Due to the fact that in the Mexican culture it’s the husband’s responsibility to take care of the well being of his wife and family, the employee sees his behavior as normal or allowed. On the other hand, the employee’s supervisor, a white male, sees the situation as a violation of the company policy and wants to take further action. But, what is the company’s human resources department supposed to do? In my opinion, the company should create a more detailed policy regarding sick days, one that takes into account the many different cultural factors that may affect the organization based on the diversity of the ir workforce. If a better detailed and ‘fair-to-all’ policy is put in place, little problems like this would be less frequent or inexistent. It’s the company’s responsibility to modify, add or create policies that are more inclusive and that can be interpreted in a way that seems fair to all participants, being employees, stakeholders and/orients.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - Truth and Tom Sawyer :: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - Truth and Tom Sawyer    â€Å"The road to truth is long, and lined the whole way with annoying bastards.† Alexander Jablokov The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain, has many themes; one theme is the importance of truth in society.   A Society is inevitable. It will always be there as a pleasure and a burden. Society expects, or perhaps demands, certain behavior from the individual.   If one wishes to enjoy the pleasures of society then one must play by society’s rules.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tom Sawyer, THE MAIN CHARACTER, is an imaginative young man who sometimes allows his imagination and high-spirit TO get in the way of telling the truth.  Ã‚   Tom is very adventurous; he never passes up a chance to play pirates, robbers, or soldiers. We are introduced to Tom, when he is climbing in his window after a long night of cavorting with his friends. Soon after this, Tom meets Huckleberry Fin. Huck is a social outcast who likes to live by his own terms.   Tom and Huck become good friends.   One night the two boys go to the graveyard AND while they are there they witness the murder of the town doctor, Mr. Robinson. The boys watched as Injun Joe kills the doctor and frames a drunk by the name of Muff Potter, who happens to be IN the wrong place at the wrong time. The boys swear never to speak of THE MURDER again. Later, Tom falls in love with his new neighbor, Becky Thatcher. Eventually the two become engaged, but the engagement falls through when Tom accidentally mentions his former love while talking with Becky. The two feud and do not speak. Meanwhile, the whole town is gossiping of the murder of Dr. Robinson and the prosecution of Muff Potter. A trail quickly forms and Muff is put on the stand.   Tom cannot allow the innocent Muff TO go to jail.   As the trial comes to a close, Tom testifies and indicates the guilt of Injun Joe.   When the trial ends, the manhunt for Injun Joe begins AND Tom is treated like a hero.Tom feels guilty knowing he broke a sacred oath with Huck. Becky and Tom soon become friends again after Tom takes Becky’s punishment at school for being careless with the teacher’s things.

Eliots East Coker and Linguistic Devices :: Eliot East Coker Language Essays

The use of language, (taking into account the reader-response theory of Wolfgang Iser), and the cyclical nature of East Coker In my beginning is my end. In succession Houses rise and fall, crumble, are extended, Are removed, destroyed, restored, or in their place Is an open field, or a factory, or a by-pass. In this discussion I shall be examining Eliot's use of a range of linguistic devices in East Coker. The discussion will focus on how T. S. Eliot (1888 - 1965) employs the medium of language to parallel and reflect his perception of the cyclical and repetitive patterns of the life and death process. As well as the linguistic aspects of Eliot's poem I shall be referring to the reader-response theory of Wolfgang Iser to demonstrate how the symbols used to convey the cyclic repetitive patterns of being are as much the fruit of the reader's interpretation as they are of the poet's intent. Account is taken of how Eliot's use of cyclical images, and the language he uses to create them, impacts on the reader's perception of the division and unity between the physical and spiritual dimensions of human existence. It is all-too-easy when studying the Four Quartets [1] to become diverted by the range of erudite references which Eliot uses. One can become so immersed in researching the derivation of the material that a preoccupation with the sources can obfuscate the poet's primary purpose - the poem as a holistic form, not a series of obscure references. In East Coker one is confronted with this challenge. It seems that in this second of the Four Quartets Eliot is not so much displaying scholarly references, as testing the finite nature of language to probe the limitations and the extremities of human thoughts, conditions and existence. What has been thus far propounded, however, one could argue, is a reader's selected and specific response, superimposed on the text. The argument puts language rather than, for example, religion, as the central critical theme of East Coker. Indeed, Wolfgang Iser, in his essay The Reading Process: A Phenomenological Approach published in Reader-Response Criticism [2] argues that the text is as much dependent on the reader as the writer to give it meaning. Therefore, a biased reinvention of the text created by the lone reader becomes an irrelevance because it is the response process in relationship to the text which is important, not the product. Iser points out that the entirety of the potential text is infinitely richer than any of its 'individual realisations' [3]. Eliot's East Coker and Linguistic Devices :: Eliot East Coker Language Essays The use of language, (taking into account the reader-response theory of Wolfgang Iser), and the cyclical nature of East Coker In my beginning is my end. In succession Houses rise and fall, crumble, are extended, Are removed, destroyed, restored, or in their place Is an open field, or a factory, or a by-pass. In this discussion I shall be examining Eliot's use of a range of linguistic devices in East Coker. The discussion will focus on how T. S. Eliot (1888 - 1965) employs the medium of language to parallel and reflect his perception of the cyclical and repetitive patterns of the life and death process. As well as the linguistic aspects of Eliot's poem I shall be referring to the reader-response theory of Wolfgang Iser to demonstrate how the symbols used to convey the cyclic repetitive patterns of being are as much the fruit of the reader's interpretation as they are of the poet's intent. Account is taken of how Eliot's use of cyclical images, and the language he uses to create them, impacts on the reader's perception of the division and unity between the physical and spiritual dimensions of human existence. It is all-too-easy when studying the Four Quartets [1] to become diverted by the range of erudite references which Eliot uses. One can become so immersed in researching the derivation of the material that a preoccupation with the sources can obfuscate the poet's primary purpose - the poem as a holistic form, not a series of obscure references. In East Coker one is confronted with this challenge. It seems that in this second of the Four Quartets Eliot is not so much displaying scholarly references, as testing the finite nature of language to probe the limitations and the extremities of human thoughts, conditions and existence. What has been thus far propounded, however, one could argue, is a reader's selected and specific response, superimposed on the text. The argument puts language rather than, for example, religion, as the central critical theme of East Coker. Indeed, Wolfgang Iser, in his essay The Reading Process: A Phenomenological Approach published in Reader-Response Criticism [2] argues that the text is as much dependent on the reader as the writer to give it meaning. Therefore, a biased reinvention of the text created by the lone reader becomes an irrelevance because it is the response process in relationship to the text which is important, not the product. Iser points out that the entirety of the potential text is infinitely richer than any of its 'individual realisations' [3].