Patient Abuse in Nursing Facilities Essay

Patient abuse in nursing facilities is becoming more prominent. Abuse is not only physical, but emotional, sexual, neglect and financial exploitations. The elderly are the most vulnerable and least likely to complain, so unfortunately they are the targets. Most families research in depth about the nursing facility that they will place their loved one, in hopes that abuse doesn’t occur. Although the research is done, families should still look for signs and symptoms of abuse since they are leaving their loved one in stranger’s hands. According to (Center), A recent investigation concluded that employment checks do not always provide adequate protection against elder mistreatment. For instance, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services prohibit nursing homes from hiring persons with a prior history of committing abuse in a nursing home setting, but those who have been convicted of other forms of abuse like child abuse may still be hired. Some states require a criminal background check, while others do not. Even so, these checks usually do not uncover convictions in another state. Furthermore, in some states, non-caregiving staff such as maintenance workers and others without a direct patient care role do not undergo criminal checks even though they may have direct access to patients and patient areas. Understaffing is a common cause of nursing home abuse. When staff members become overworked, they may begin to lose their patience with the nursing home residents. In addition, understaffing leaves many workers unsupervised or untrained, which can lead to nursing home abuse. Still, physical abuse in nursing homes is illegal, and the owners of the assisted living facility can be held liable if a resident is subject to nursing home abuse or neglect. Sometimes, it is difficult to identify nursing home residents who have been physically abused. Very often, members of the nursing home staff will state that the resident’s injuries were the result of a fall rather than the actual cause–nursing home abuse. In addition, the staff member may bully the resident into agreeing with their story. Because detecting signs of physical nursing home abuse can be difficult, loved ones should pay careful attention when visiting the nursing home. Be aware of the common signs of physical nursing home abuse, including: unexplained bruising, cuts, sprains, fractures and broken bones and open wounds. In addition to physical signs, nursing home patients who have been physically abused may also show changes in their behavior. If the resident appears withdrawn, fearful, nervous or depressed, they may be suffering from physical nursing home abuse. The most common type of physical abuse is battery, which can include forcing the resident into restraints for no valid reason. Other forms of physical abuse in nursing homes include: overmedication, use of excessive restraints, chemical or physical, for no reason, burning, pushing, shoving, force feeding, hitting the resident with the hand or an object, pulling the resident’s hair and mishandling the resident when transporting them from beds, bathrooms etc ( (Morgan). According to (Emotional Abuse in Nursing Homes), Emotional abuse in nursing homes is not as overt as other forms of abuse. Regardless, the effects that emotional abuse in nursing homes can result in are damaging to the happiness, health, and other areas of that resident’s life. Not knowing what signs to look for can allow emotional abuse in nursing homes to continue. Often times, a resident thinks that telling someone about abuse suffered, including emotional abuse in nursing homes, will make them a burden to the family or they feel afraid of enduring an increased amount of abuse. If emotional abuse in nursing homes is occurring the family members should immediately notify the facility. The facility should amend the situation at once but if the emotional abuse in nursing homes persists, the family should take further action. The chances of the emotional abuse in nursing homes occurring to just one resident are very slim so other residents are probably suffering as well. Emotional abuse in nursing homes can include humiliation, harassment, threat of punishment, deprivation, and intimidation, as well as other behaviors. One of the most pervasive forms of nursing home abuse today is that of neglect. Nursing home neglect is too frequently overlooked and results all too often in a decline in general health and eventually the death of those elderly people entrusted to nursing home care facilities. The problem can occur anywhere and can take many shapes. What makes this particularly sinister is that it can be overlooked or ignored for so long. Even upon repeated visits to a nursing home, the signs of nursing home neglect can remain hidden. In order to understand the scope of the problem, it is important to know the different types of nursing home neglect and nursing home abuse. The most obvious, most egregious, and the first that comes to mind for many people is physical neglect. Unfortunately common in nursing homes today, neglect takes many forms, however, all of which are disturbing in their own right. Any of the following forms of neglect warrant contacting a nursing home abuse lawyer to bring justice to the victim of neglect, as well as make conditions safer for other residents (Center). According to (Financial Exploitation of Nursing Home Residents), Financial exploitation of the elderly occurs when an individual takes or uses the money or property of a senior for any wrongful use, or with the intent to defraud the elder. Senior citizens who live in nursing homes or other long-term care facilities can be victims of financial abuse by their direct caregivers or by the administrators of the nursing homes. Financial exploitation is defined as the wrongful use of an individual’s finances or property for another’s advantage. This can occur when residents’ personal or financial resources are taken from them without their consent, either because the residents were incapacitated and unable to give consent or because they were subjected to threats, intimidation, manipulation, and deception. Examples of financial exploitation include cashing an elderly person’s checks without authorization, forging a senior’s signature, stealing an older person’s money or possessions, or deceiving an older person into signing any contract, will, or other document. According to (Nursing Home Abuse), It is critical for every resident to understand their nursing home patient rights in order to successfully acclimate to the very different living environment of a skilled nursing facility. Patients and their families should become well versed in the policies and procedures inherent to life in the facility and must know exactly what they can and should expect when it comes to care and safety. In the US, the federal government and each state government have written legislation which guarantees each nursing home resident specific and general rights while under professional care. Most foreign counties have similar laws enacted to protect elders from abuse and neglect in nursing facilities, as well. When your loved one is placed in a nursing home, it is required that they are given a written bill of patient’s rights. It is recommended that the family and loved one go over this bill of rights in detail so they are familiar with the rights of their loved one. Most often, nursing home patients cannot defend themselves, due to several different reasons: physical health, mental health, social isolation or dependency issues. Unless someone comes forward for these patients, they won’t get help and no one is penalized for their actions. Many do not know how to report nursing home abuse, so they remain silent and struggle with their disturbing knowledge of the abuse or neglect. Once the repost is filed, the organization that is responsible, will investigate thoroughly and will hold the person/persons responsible for their actions. If you are a family member and suspect any minor abuse or neglect, it is always wise to report the activity to the nursing home administrator directly. Tell them that you have evidence of the abuse and that you intend to take this matter as far as it will go. Do not back down. If the infraction is minor and resulted in no real damage, then you may consider allowing them to discipline the staff member internally. Just be sure to watch out for any retribution which may come back to your loved one if the staff member is not fired. If the infraction is more serious or you do not feel completely confident that the matter will be settled in the best interest of your loved one, then take the concern one step further. Immediately call police and report the incident. Additionally, contact adult protective services, your ombudsman, your local nursing home regulatory agency and Medicare, if applicable. You might also consider consulting with a nursing home abuse attorney and filing a civil lawsuit (Nursing Home Abuse). Although abuse in nursing facilities is becoming more prominent, there are several things that family members can do to protect their loved one from being a victim from this horrible crime. The elderly are very vulnerable, but they do not deserve the abuse that the under paid, aggravated staff member may give them. If someone suspects abuse in a nursing facility, they should report it immediately. If not, this makes you just as guilty.

President Andrew Jackson Essay

Andrew Jackson, our seventh President of the United States, is in rather an ok President. Considered as the â€Å"People’s President† he was very straight forward and honest to â€Å"his people†. He takes his job seriously and possibly the most liberal president in history. His presidency however was neither bad nor good, but shared a fair amount of each. First off, the good qualities he had was the fact he had bold commitment to enforce laws and fight back against secession threats from South. Two high tariffs were passed during 1828 and 1833 which increased taxes on imported foreign goods. The south was outraged by the high taxation so under the Nullification act that allows states to nullify laws they don’t like. Soon after the second tariff was issued, they formed a convention to build up an army with the idea of secession. Jackson was so enraged that he was willing to use all the power he has to stop it. Fortunately he was able to make a deal with the Vice President John C. Calhoun, who was in favor of the south, to lower the tax prices. The south backed off from secession and things settled down. Secondly, the bad if not malicious duties Jackson did during his presidency was the force removal of Native Americans from Georgia to the west and the ending the National Bank system. The state of Georgia was against the Supreme Court who was against the removal of the Natives. Even though the Supreme Court won, Georgia as well as Jackson ignored it and forced the Natives out of Georgia to the present state of Oklahoma. Many died before they even got there. As to the National Bank issue, Jackson believed that it was a monopoly towards the upper class people and as a result refuse to recharter it. Jackson used one of his vetoes, and the Bank’s congressional supporters did not have enough votes to override him. The Bank ceased to exist when its charter expired in 1836, but even before that Jackson had weakened it considerably by withdrawing millions of dollars of federal funds. This later resulted in contributing to the Panic of 1837.

Governments and corporations Essay

There was no question of ownership of oil, water and other resources freely available in the environment before governments and/or private companies claimed ownership of these resources with the pronouncement that they would process and distribute these resources fairly. Poverty is a result of unfair distribution of resources. Moreover, environmental degradation ensues when governments or corporations are too greedy for immediate profits to consider the environmental impact of their business decisions. Surely environmental degradation accompanies loss of life. On the other hand, sustainable development is defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (â€Å"Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development†). The United Nations Economic and Social Council reports the following as an illustration of the ill effects of unsustainable development: †¦[The] rate of agricultural production growth at the global level has been about 2. 3 per cent between 1970 and 1990 and thus has exceeded population growth so that per capita supplies of food have increased. However, wide regional disparities remain: the situation improved greatly in East Asia but worsened in sub-Saharan Africa. There still remain large numbers of under-nourished people in developing countries†¦ The relentless exploitation of the natural resource base to achieve an increased level of agricultural production has resulted in increased natural resource scarcity and environmental degradation (â€Å"Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development†). The following case of the Aral Sea sheds greater light on the fact of natural resources being exploited when governments and/or corporations refuse to consider the trade-off that the concept of sustainable development is built upon. Situated southwest of Kazakhstan, northwest of Uzbekistan, and east of the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea is presently a salt lake. Until the 1970s, the Aral Sea was the world’s fourth largest lake, fed by the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers (â€Å"Aral Sea†). When the dictator Josef Stalin rose to power in 1941, and right up to his death in 1953, he desired to make the Soviet Union self-sufficient in cotton, which is used for both gunpowder and clothing. Hence, the successors of Stalin during the 1960s and 1970s allowed an unlimited amount of irrigation water to be tapped from both the Amu Darya in the south and the Syr Darya in the northeast – to quench the thirst of the cotton fields (â€Å"Dike Built To Revive Aral Sea; Soviet-Era Policies Turned World’s Third-Largest Lake into Saline Hazard†). According to environmentalists, cotton grown in a desert is sure to result in immense wastage of water. On the other hand, smaller quantities of water may be used to produce abundant food. Moreover, it has been claimed that the Uzbeks use a rather wasteful procedure to irrigate their cotton from the Amu Darya. Even after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of its republics, the government of Uzbekistan has continued its old ruinous policy, as cotton happens to be the principle hard-currency earner for the landlocked republic in west central Asia. Hence, the world’s fourth largest lake that once supplied approximately fifty thousand tons of fish every year or one hundred pounds of fish per acre has lost a staggering ninety percent of its volume. And, this has happened in the past half century alone. Most of the fish in the Aral Sea have died because the water has turned too salty to be inhabitable (â€Å"Dike Built To Revive†). The Soviet policy of using unlimited water from the rivers that fed the Aral Sea has been referred to as a bad one because the successors of Stalin, and now Uzbekistan’s government, failed to take into consideration the science behind dried former sea beds. As though the death of fish is not a big deal, a dried former sea bed also spawns dust storms spreading salt, pesticides and fertilizers. This is exactly what happened in the case of the Aral Sea, as the area’s already fragile semi desert was ultimately damaged, turning its people into some of the unhealthiest on the planet. Here, anemia figures top ninety percent (â€Å"Dike Built To Revive†). Of course, the Aral Sea disaster is a typical illustration of governmental policies gone astray. Then there are corporations that refuse to consider that the natural environment is built on cause-and-effect relationships just like business management. In early September 2006, a toxic waste dumping scandal of truly globalized proportions came to light in the Ivory Coast. The Probo-Koala, a tanker chartered by the London-based shipping company, Tranfigura, set off from Amsterdam carrying four hundred metric tons of petrochemical waste to dump in Abidjan, the port city of the Ivory Coast (Vidal; â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker Impounded by Estonia†). Tranfigura informed the Amsterdam Port Services that the waste was absolutely â€Å"conventional† (Vidal). However, it was later discovered that the waste contained hydrogen sulfide, which happens to be a poisonous gas, smelling as rotten eggs (â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker†). At least ten people lost their lives in the weeks immediately following the incident in the Ivory Coast (Vidal). Moreover, seventy five thousand people sought medical treatment with complaints of nausea, nose bleeds, breathlessness, vomiting, diarrhea, skin damage, headaches, and swollen stomachs (Vidal; â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker†). Undoubtedly, if the corporation responsible for sending toxic waste to the Ivory Coast had been conscientious to begin with, lives would have been saved. Even so, maximization of profits is the goal of all producers. Depending on the moralities of their owners and managers, they may or may not believe in the need to behave ethically. Unfortunately, many for-profit businesses around the globe are known to engage in unethical practices, which is the reason why the government must step in to regulate markets and the practices of various business ventures when it is believed that doing so would be of benefit to society. Governments have the right to charge corporations for the damages they inflict upon people and their environment. Then again, as the example of Aral Sea shows, even governments may fail to understand that the environment, like business, is built on cause and effect relationships. As expected, governments that make bad policies or wrong choices may only profit in the short run. In the long run, everyone must pay for faulty policies. Those who are subjected to such governments have to pay through the disastrous effects of bad policies on an immediate level. Their fault seems to be that they did not protest soon enough the bad policies of their governments. Regardless of whether they are able to do so, the fact remains that unbridled profit seeking behavior at the expense of the environment costs lives. Works Cited â€Å"Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development. † United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development. 8 May 2009. . â€Å"Aral Sea. † The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. â€Å"Dike Built To Revive Aral Sea; Soviet-Era Policies Turned World’s Third-Largest Lake into Saline Hazard. † The Washington Times (1 Oct 2005), p. A08. â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker Impounded by Estonia. † Environmental News Service. 28 Sep 2006. 8 May 2009. . â€Å"Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development. † United Nations Economic and Social Council. 11-28 Apr 1995. 8 May 2009. .

Effective Business Communication Research Paper

Effective Business Communication - Research Paper Example The paper, therefore, performs a literature review on the theoretical development of business communication and some of the barriers that have been identified to impair the delivery of effective business communication. Lastly, the paper includes some of the channels that can be used to deliver business information in the workplace and their effectiveness. In order to articulate the process of communication, the researchers performed primary research using the qualitative and quantitative methods of interview and questionnaires in order to determine the problems facing various organizations in the UAE regarding effective communication. ... The listener must work to make the speaker feel understood and create an environment in which the speaker will be free to express his views and put his message across in the most appropriate ways possible. Another requirement for effective communication is that both the speaker and the listener understand the importance and sue of non verbal communication skills. The speaker must be able to uses these cues to reinforce the message he intends to say, and the listener must be able to observe the cues and interpret them as effectively as possible. 1.2. Background of Study The process of communication is often hampered by barriers to achieving effective communication. As such, organizations are constantly seeking ways that they can reduce and eliminate these barriers in order to achieve highly effective communication process. One way that managers can overcome this problem is to draft and disseminate messages that are clear enough to be understood by those they are intended for. Such mes sages should contain clear information or instructions, and the language used should be simple enough to be understood and free from ambiguity. Workplace grapevine is a common barrier to effective communication as employees engage in informal and unsubstantiated gossip. In order to avoid this problem, managers should pass on relevant information to employees through official means to offer any clarity that may be needed so that they can prevent employees from constant speculation, which leads to the grapevine. 1.3. Objectives of the Study This study shall seek to explain the communication process in a business setting and identify some of the problems that those involved in the communication process incur. The study will then seek solutions to these problems in order to determine the

Investments, Corp. Finance and Financial Markets Essay - 1

Investments, Corp. Finance and Financial Markets - Essay Example This has adverse effects on the financial institution such as insolvency and therefore banks employ the 5 C’s of Credit Scoring to evaluate whether or not a person should be entitled to a loan. The 5 C’s are based on the characteristics of the borrower and are explained in detail as follows. Character- The bank seeks basic information from the borrower such as his trustworthiness, integrity, work, reputation based on previous history with lenders, any defaults. Some of this information could be accessed easily through credit reports. A credit report is a report generated by the Credit Reference Bureau detailing information on a person’s credit history including identifying information, credit accounts and loans, bankruptcies, late payments and enquiries. Because credit history shall make up the biggest percentage of a borrower’s eventual credit score, it makes sense that he focuses his attention on that factor. This helps evaluate whether he is credit worthy. Capital- The borrower’s equity or net worth is checked in comparison to the amount he so wishes to borrow. If the capital invested is way below the amount borrowed, then that could raise red flags in his ability to repay the loan. Capacity- The borrower is gauged on his sufficiency of yielding positive cash flows during the loan repayment period and the amount is pre-calculated using different analysis criteria such as the Net Present Value, Profitability Index. If he passes this stage, he has to provide a credible plan on his willingness to repay his loan when it’s due. Conditions- Economic conditions dictate whether a loan should be granted to a borrower. For instance, in periods of economic recovery or boom, it is safe for a borrower to be granted a loan because chances of him defaulting are minimal. However, in the recession period, it’s most likely that the borrower will not be in a position to fully settle his obligations and therefore banks

How might hegemons encourage the proliferation of regimes among other Essay

How might hegemons encourage the proliferation of regimes among other states - Essay Example cultural hegemonic worldview is therefore successful (largely) due to the economic, military-related or politically-oriented dominance maintained by the hegemon. An enquiry has been posed, questioning how hegemons might potentially encourage propagation of regimes among other states. Regimes are established governments, cultural norms or rules that guide and control an established institution and serve as the foundation for how this institution engages and interacts with domestic and international societies. In contemporary IR studies, regimes are enacted through interventions by the public and are considered permanent and durable organisations of norms and practices, such as the World Trade Organization or other organization with ample legal support and regulations to achieve institutional objectives. Hegemons, due to their economic or military-related superiority over other states and their ability to influence worldwide cultural norms, are often opposed by other states. The degree to which a state maintains power serves as the underpinning for international relations ideologies and hegemons attempt to exert this power to construct methodo logies for constructing international order (Buzan 2004). States that are, therefore, subjugated by hegemons and compelled to assimilate to the dominant cultural values of the hegemon can experience substantial indignation, seeing hegemonic dominance as an affront to domestic state ideologies that differ from the hegemon. Hence, hegemons encourage the proliferation of regimes among other states as an effort to liberate a state from hegemonic dominance, re-exert the subjugated state’s values and beliefs, and create a multi-polar international environment with more equilibrium in the global balance of power and other state influence in exerting unique and differentiated worldviews. The world, today, is witnessing the rise of a new regime, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a regime with an objective of establishing a

In-Depth Audience Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In-Depth Audience Analysis - Research Paper Example Alexandria is situated in the suburbs of the capital city of the country; it is in a very strategic place to receive the best concentration of goods band other quality services that will grow the economy in the community of Virginia. The stakeholders and the persons abiding in the society of Virginia are one of the highest profile ranked employees of the national government. Therefore the town will grow and have a high income due to the value of goods and other high income drawers in the society (Howell, 2011). Therefore the infrastructure in the area is excellent because it is very strategic from the Washington DC the capital of the United States of America. The state’s major favors are also targeted to the society such as the major governmental offices are situated in the area of Alexandria. The government offices are like the Trademark office that was transferred to Alexandria. This shows that Alexandria from the views of stakeholders and audience should be of appraisal to the federal government over the major favors to the community. Question Two – Analysis of the Community Stakeholders and Audience The demographics of Alexandria in the Northern Virginia represent it to be not a very populated society due to the standards of living of the inhabitants of the persons living in that community. The persons who abide in the society of Alexandria are highly ranked persons in the government of the USA and the most inhabitants are personnel from the defense department including the naval center for analysis. The geographical position of the Alexandria society is very strategic in such a manner that it can receive major governmental offices by the government of the United States of America. The short distance the society of Alexandria is from the capital city of the country gives it more advantage to get more favors from the federal government. This gives the society the high economic value according to the good business position of the society (Howell , 2011). Therefore the society of Alexandria is a very strategic state in terms of economy due to the nearness to the business center of the country of America. The lifestyles that are exhibited by the residents of Alexandria are much higher of admirable opportunities by the other persons in all other societies around the country (Smith, 2009). This is because the society is endowed with high rank restaurants and products that are of high caliber persons in the society. This will make the attitudes of the inhabitants of the Alexandria society and their lifestyle that is very high. This is facilitated by the nearness of the society to the capital of the country USA where the state gets a variety of favors from the federal government of the United States of America. On the social scene of the society of Alexandria that is in the Northern Virginia the persons who live in this area must have very improved social standards due to the improved social gathering areas that are endowed by th e society of Alexandria. It is a tourist attraction area and has very improved restaurants. The usergraphics of the Alexandria society are of major importance so as to define the regions of domain of the society that is to be occupied by the inhabitants of the society (Smith, 2009). The webographics are incorporated in the communication and the technological position of t

Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Philosophy - Assignment Example For Kant, experience perfects knowledge and argued that experience alone is purely subjective if not processed by reason. While reason in itself is a mere theoretical illusion if not applied to experience. With regard to empiricist philosophers such as Locke and Hume, they consider experience and feeling as the sole bedrock of the source of knowledge. For them, a human mind started as empty and only evolves with experience and learning. Lockes theory of mind defines the self as a conscous thinking thing and is capable of sensing. It is capable of sensibilities like pain and happiness, pleasure and misery. In Lockes theory of the self, the self is a self-reflective consciousness present within us. It continuously evolves with experience, learning and sensation which are the sources of our ideas. Hume agreed with Locke that all knowledge are derived from experience. But he did not recognize every idea-forming operation that Locke presupposes. Hume also did not accept the possibility of any necessary connection between simple ideas, where Locke does and so some ideas which count as simple for Locke-extension and space, for example are complex for

Audit and financial statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Audit and financial statements - Essay Example The scope of external auditor's work covers the audit of financial statements, probity in the use of public money and value for money in the use of resources. Internal auditor objectively examines, evaluates and reports on the adequacy of the internal control environment as a contribution to the proper, economic, efficient and effective use of resources. External audit is conducted in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (ISA) and with the Audit Commission's Code of Audit Practice. Internal audit's strategy and plan is agreed between internal audit and management. It is approved by the Audit Committee and cannot be directed by external auditor. Effective co-operation between external auditor and internal auditor means more than avoiding duplication. An effective framework of co-operation and co-ordination ensures liaison, co-operation on work programmes and the sharing of information. This can be achieved through: The external auditor has various responsibilities when it comes to performing the audit. It is the responsibility of the external auditors to perform audit of financial statements in such a way that they areable to form opinion, including: Auditors have a responsibility to satisfy themselves that the audited body has put in place proper arrangements to secure economy, efficiency and effectiveness in its use of resources. While doing so, the auditor must consider and assess the relevant significant business risks. Auditors are not required to report to audited bodies on the accuracy of performance information that the audited bodies publish. Auditor's work is limited to review of the systemsput in place by the audited body to collect, record and publish the information. Nor are auditors required to form a view on the realism and achievability of the assessments published by those audited bodies. The auditor's report should contain a clear written expression of opinion on the financial statements taken as a whole. The auditor's report includes the following basic elements: (a) Title (b) Addressee (c) Opening or introductory paragraph containing (i) Identification of the financial statements audited (ii) A statement of the responsibility of the entity management and the responsibility of the auditor (d) Scope paragraph containing (i) A reference to ISAs or relevant national standards or practices (ii) A description of work performed by auditor (e) Opinion paragraph containing (i) A reference to the financial reporting framework used to prepare the financial statements (ii) An expression of op

Summary In Your Own Words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary In Your Own Words - Essay Example The music and instrument were used to pass the beliefs, traditions, and customs of a society from generation to another. Moreover, the different type of music genre were associated to different social group and relayed important messages pertaining such group. The artists that used to play music instrument in the early days had a thorough knowledge of the instruments that defined each geographic characterises, such as African music, Asia and European music. The Procortesian music, for example, was classified into different ways; these includes ritual, war, and hunting religious and imitative music. The way the flute play in Asia was different as was done in Africa though using the same instrument. The dancing also was unique and differed during different occasions (Music Pre-Cuauhtemoc Era). Music in the ancient time was not for everyone as it has a divine and spiritual origin. Chroniclers who talk about music says that those who engaged in it behaved well and had great discipline of their native language and customs. In conclusion, the indigenous music had its important characteristics which include the use of interludes and introductions, music started with a tune before beginning, there was thematic unity, melodic variety and the use of different and antiphonal (Music Pre-Cuauhtemoc

Brave New World Revisited by Aldous Huxley Research Proposal

Brave New World Revisited by Aldous Huxley - Research Proposal Example In its extreme, racist form, eugenics intended to obliterate all human beings considered "unfit," saving only those who matched to a Nordic label. The eugenics theory hailed forced sterilization and isolation laws, in addition to marriage controls. In America, eugenics practitioners eventually forcefully sterilized some 60,000 Americans, barred the marriage of thousands, compulsorily isolated thousands in "colonies," and harassed countless numbers. Before World War II, nearly half of forced sterilizations were done in California, and even after the war, the state contributes for a major percentage of all such surgeries (Black). In the novel Brave New World, Huxley had indicted against modern science and eugenics. In the second chapter of "Brave New World Revisited", however, Huxley seems disappointed by eugenics being discarded, saying, "In the Brave New World of my fantasy, eugenics and dysgenics were practiced systematically. In this second half of the twentieth century we do nothing systematic about our breeding". Does that mean that Huxley now regrets what he said before, that, social eugenics controlling population systematically would have benefited humanity in the long run Would Huxley now prefer biologically better ova, fertilized by biologically better sperm, to produce better species of people aided by the best possible pre-birth care to be lastly decanted Probably to answer such criticism, Huxley soon says, in the haphazard and looseness of the natural order and the biological interference that is aimed at reducing diseases and so on, we not only over-populate our earth but we also confirm that those who do not receive good care and treatments become the greater numbers - people having biologically poorer attributes. This, according to Huxley, means that an almost unknowing repetition of the Bokanovsky Process as depicted in Brave New World where biologically substandard ova, fertilized by biologically poorer sperm, were put through and dealt before birth with alcohol and other protein-destroying toxics, to make ("decant") the creatures finally nearly subhuman. Thus, for Huxley, eugenics is a proposed as a form of pseudoscience that is focused on "improving" the human race. In this paper, I will discuss Huxley's views on eugenics, the origins of the theory as well as the current views on the same. Development of the study of eugenics Eugenics was proposed as a means to selective breeding and genetic engineering in order to make human beings fit to survive in the world of the fittest, or in what is known as social Darwinism. The definition of eugenics is itself a much controversial subject. While some scholars think altering the gene pool is what is eugenics, some argue even attempting to alter some behavioral traits is also eugenics. Modern day reprogenetics, preemptive abortions and designer babies or infanticide in some primitive societies may also termed as eugenics. Eugenics may be positive - by increasing the fertility rate of the stronger genetic qualities - or negative - by lowering the fertility rate of the weaker genetic qualities. Perhaps this was why abortion was illegal for the racially superior women in Nazi Germany. In the modern times, eugenics is practiced by

Discussion of the history of cosmetics Essay Example for Free

Discussion of the history of cosmetics Essay The dawn of modern cosmetics began divided into the following categories: Grolier (2005: 188-191). a. Powders face powder usually contains talk, chalk, kaolin, and mixtures of zinc oxide, titanium oxide and various powdered pigments. Properly prepared, this mixture spreads easily, adheres to the skin, and absorbs some moisture. b. Emulsions these are fine particles of oil dispersed in water. Vanishing creams and cold creams are examples of emulsions. Thinner emulsions, which contain more water relative to the oil content, are used as cleansing lotions and hand creams. c. Lipsticks this is made up of oils, such as castor oil, mixed with waxes and pigments or dyes, and hardened into molds. Since the materials used in manufacturing lipsticks are actually taken into the body, the choice of ingredients is limited to those which are known or assumed to be non-toxic. d. Eye Makeup these are eyebrow pencils, eye shadow, and mascara are, like lipstick, compounds of oil, wax and pigments. They, too, must be made of non-toxic or non-injurious materials. Cosmetics have come a long way in modern history and played a significant role in adorning both men and women for various occasions. It has been so widely-used that its functions have traversed into extremes for beautification purposes – it can either conceal or flaunt an asset of a person. It can serve as mask or a highlighter. This just means that it has the ability to change the appearance of the person according to the manner it was used. At the end of the day, personal psyche dictates that every person intends or strives to become pleasant to the eyes of the millions of people around him or her. What is beautiful has also changed over the years. The definition of what is beautiful goes across regions, beliefs, religion and societal perceptions. Burke (2003:75-77): According to the twentieth century philosopher Charles Hartshorne, â€Å"Beauty is the centerpiece of this classical trinity and that nothing in our experience is exempt from the touch of the beautiful†. Beyond aesthetics, what is beautiful is how one perceives it to be, in that if he or she can find beauty in there. Therefore, the quality of what is beautiful has emerged from mere prettiness or elaborate ornamentation into an instrument of life towards survival in the continuous evolution of life in this planet. It can be found that the link between biology and beauty has dictated the development of humans and other species. Scientific studies strengthens the debate that the beautiful will emerge as the survivors given that their counterparts find them more attractive than the rest and that they are perceived to produce the most beautiful offsprings. In this biological quest for a successful and healthy reproduction process, the preference is indeed given to those mates who appear healthy. A healthy individual is visually manifested in their skin and hair, by the movement of their body, by a proportioned and toned body. These are the people judged to be beautiful. If the experts are correct in these assumptions or scientific observations, men usually look for women who appear young and fertile. This is where cosmetics leverage onto. Burke (2003:75-77): The cosmetic industry tries to address this so-called â€Å"need† that women continue to appear young despite already going beyond their fertile or child-bearing years. Nevertheless, beyond the need to reproduce our genes, the core of beauty still delves on the ability of a person to identify and bring out the beauty in their lives. We need not generate only life in this world, but also generate beauty that will make life even more worthwhile. It is the appreciation of beauty in our surroundings even without the use of any form of artificial adornment such as cosmetics that will enable one to realize the beauty of life, that it is worth-knowing and worth living after all. Given how important the nation for beauty is perceived across nations, and beyond borders, how cosmetics value this perception and its effects to the human well-being is crucial. Dermatological diseases have sprung in the recent years that come in a range from minor cosmetic problems to even life-threatening problems, as displayed in some disorders commonly due to skin differentiation processes. Zeeuwen (2004:176). With this statement, one should also be vigilant and be a knowledgeable end-user of these products that attempt to change certain elements of your natural state of appearance or being to some extent. The law of economics reminds us that with in every level of quality increased, price is directly affected as it is directly correlated.

Discrimination Disabled People

Discrimination Disabled People Approximately 9 million of the worlds 650 million disabled people live in the UK. According to a recent report of the Department of Works and Pensions, even though 3.6 million of the disabled, (i.e. approximately 40% of the total disabled population) are between 19 and 59, only about a million (i.e. less than 30 % of them) are employed. (Berthoud, 2006) Compared to the existing employment rate of 76% (Berthoud, 2006) among the non disabled population, the figures for the disabled are staggeringly low and pose serious questions about British society. Despite the UK being among the first nations to sign the recent United Nations Human Rights Convention for Disabled People, the number of British adults claiming out of work disability benefits grew from 1 million in the mid 1970s to 2.5 million in the mid 1990s; (Berthoud, 2006) an ironical fact and a telling commentary on the gap between public policy and actual practice. Discrimination in the workplace, as well as outside, continues to unfortunately exist in Britain despite extensive and progressive legislation to combat the phenomenon. Work and pensions minister Anne McGuire recently stated that â€Å"Britains 10 million disabled people have had to endure a legacy of exclusion, inside and outside the workplace.† (Mulholland, 2005) 0733966 The last ten years have seen the progressive implementation of the requirements of the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995, and its enlargement in 2005, as well as the enactment of the Human Rights bill in 1998. The fact that these legislations, along with regular public debate and substantial research on the issue, have been accompanied by a significant increase in the number of unemployed disabled in the working age group (Berthoud, 2006) point to the existence of a social problem of significant dimensions, which whilst recognised, is far from resolution. Discrimination arises primarily from prejudice; it is an emotional response to perceived threats and discomforts that cannot be rationally justified. (Lang, 1998) Discrimination against the disabled, at work and outside, social researchers feel, is primarily a social problem. (Lang, 1998) Entrenched in the thought processes and attitudes of society, it owes its origins to historical, social, cultural, and economic causes. (Lang, 1998) Whilst most people appear to agree that discrimination against the disabled is abhorrent and has no place in modern societies, its continuance leads to concerns, both about the sincerity of such adopted positions, as well as about effective measures to reduce and eliminate the problem. Commentary The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA), 2005, defines disabled persons thus: â€Å"An adult or a child is disabled if he or she has a physical or mental impairment which has an adverse effect that is: substantial (not just trivial or minor); adverse; and long 0733966 term (lasting or expected to last for at least a year) on his ability to carry out normal day to day activities. People who have a disability within the definition are protected from discrimination even if they have since recovered.† (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) Whilst disability can broadly be described as a condition or function that is felt to be significantly impaired compared to the usual standard of an individual of the concerned group, the term often refers to individual functioning and includes physical, sensory, cognitive, and intellectual impairment, as well as mental ailments and certain types of chronic disease. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) New provisions in the DDA (2005) have widened the definition of disabled persons to provide protection to people with cancer, AIDS, and multiple sclerosis, and removed the stipulation that mental illness must be clinically well recognised to be judged to be mental impairment. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) Although discrimination against disabled people has existed since historical times, the phenomenon has impacted pubic consciousness only during the last fifty years. (Barnes, 1991) The enactment of the Disabled Persons Employment bill in 1944, even though it occurred in response to the peace time needs of injured soldiers, marked the beginning of legislation on the issue. (Barnes, 1991) Whilst employment for the disabled, in the past, existed purely in the domain of charitable and voluntary organisations, the 1944 legislation made a concrete effort to tackle the problem by treating disabled persons as one group; it also addressed the question of their employment, provided a range of specialist services designed to find jobs for disabled 0733966 people, established a quota scheme, and institutionalised their legal rights to employment. (Barnes, 1991) Although the quota scheme made it mandatory for employers to fill at least 3% of their staff strength with disabled people, the initiative never really made progress because of lack of governmental commitment and the proclivity of employers to sidestep the provisions of the law. (Barnes, 1991) Confusion in policy making during the next few decades saw the introduction of various fuzzy and ill thought measures like inducements and subsidies to employers to take on disabled employees. (Barnes, 1991) Whilst policy measures for improving employment chances of disabled people, up to the 1990s, focussed more on persuasion and inducement of employers, the passing of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) in 1995 made it (a) illegal for employers to discriminate against disabled people in the course of filling vacancies, and (b) mandatory for them to provide certain conveniences to disabled staff. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) Key rights of disabled persons under the act include the right to fair employment, the right to access goods, facilities and services provided to the public, the right to have reasonable adjustments made to premises or workstations by employers, the right to let or sell land or property, and the right to education in any school, college, or institute. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) The enactment made acts of wilful discrimination, as evinced by treating disabled persons less favourably than others, (because of their disabilities), without reasonable justification, or failing to make reasonable adjustments for disabled persons without adequate reasons, illegal and liable for severe penalties. 0733966 The scope of the DDA (1995) was further enlarged by the DDA (2005), which added to the list of people covered under the scope of disabled, and included provisions that (a) made it unlawful for operators of transport vehicles to discriminate against disabled people, (b) made it easier for disabled people to rent property and for tenants to make disability-related adaptations (c) ensured that discrimination law covered all activities of public authorities, (d) protected disabled councillors against discrimination and (e) covered larger private members clubs and bodies that awarded general qualifications (like GCSEs and A Levels). (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) The stipulations of DDA enactments reveal a strong shift from previous policies; whereas policy makers previously assumed that disabled people were significantly less effective than others in the workplace, and policies for improving employment prospects for the disabled depended upon persuasion and inducement of employers, current legislation accepts the fact that disabled people are subjected to unfair discrimination and exclusion by employers and service providers. They need to be treated equally, and their special requirements considered and provided for. Whilst the 1995 and 2005 DDA enactments, even though falling short of compulsion, make it obligatory for all employers and service providers to ensure fairer treatment of disabled people, they also confirm the presence of intense and blatant intolerance and discrimination in the British workplace against disabled people. Nothing illustrates the extent of existing discrimination, rather oppression, in the workplace in the UK better than a report prepared by Deborah Cohen and Karen Hebert carried by the 0733966 British Medical Journal (2004) on discrimination against disabled doctors by members of their own fraternity. â€Å"In a small qualitative study, disabled doctorsreported feeling isolated and stigmatised, and that there wasa lack of understanding and flexibility. Despite medicine beinga caring profession, medicine is not supportive or enabling,especially to those who do not conform to the normative perceivedstandard. One doctor with a disability said: ‘[You] would expecttolerance from doctors, but this is the worst group when dealingwith their own most people dont want to know medicinehas a `survival of the fittest style.† (Cohen and Hebert, 2004) If medical professionals, who are under Hippocratic Oath and have made conscious career decisions to work in areas that require compassion and understanding, are apt to have discriminatory attitudes towards the disabled, such attitudes will obviously be much stronger in the common population. Discrimination, as is common knowledge, exhibits itself in a myriad ways, and is felt most sharply by the people who experience it. For many disabled people it starts from before they were born. The Society for Protection of Unborn Children (2007) states that prenatal screening tests that indicate disabling conditions in unborn babies often lead to pressure on mothers to abort the children. Human embryos conceived in test tubes are examined for disabling conditions and thrown away if found to have disabling conditions. Newborn babies, particularly those with conditions such as Downs syndrome and spina bifida, are sometimes sedated and starved to death. Denial of food and water to those in  "Persistent Vegetative State† is common. (Fatal discrimination against disabled people, 2007) 0733966 The discrimination that evidences itself in the workplace is but an extension of various discriminatory practices that disabled people experience at school and in society as they grow up; these practices also often aggravate their condition and increase their discomfort in their working lives. An article in Socialist Review (1995) states that the majority of disabled people are in poorly paid jobs, and are far less likely to be employed compared to people without disabilities. Whilst both disabled men and women earn significantly less than others, their living costs tend to be significantly higher because of needs such as transport, clothing and facilities in the home. (Equal Access, 1995) It is estimated that two thirds of all disabled people live below the poverty line. Most disabled people earn far too little to buy their own houses. (Equal Access, 1995) Even though the article was published 10 years ago, current studies show little change in the situation on the ground. (Berthoud , 2006) The employment rate for disabled people continues to be much lower than that of people without disabilities, they earn less, and are far less likely to hold responsible positions. (Berthoud, 2006) Theories to analyse and explain discriminatory attitudes depend upon different models and thought constructs, most of which have emerged in recent decades. Whilst discrimination against the disabled has existed since historical times, social researchers believe that discriminatory attitudes hardened with the advent of industrialisation and capitalism. (Lang, 1998) The industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism put an end to agrarian societies, created the need for able bodied men to work in factories, promoted the rise of individualism, and marginalised disabled people as ineffective and unprofitable components of society, who needed to be segregated and cared for, rather 0733966 than integrated in the productive working class. (Lang, 1998) Whilst this line of argument, though widely accepted, does not explain the presence of discriminatory attitudes towards disabled people in societies that remained non-industrialised and primarily agrarian until well into the 20th century, the sudden redundancy of people with impairments in the working classes during the industrial revolution led to the participation of the medical profession in the issue. (Lang, 1998) The involvement of medical professionals, who were called in to categorise the type of impairment, led to the medicalisation of society and to the emergence of the Medical Model, the use of which continues even today. (Lang, 1998) The medical model assumes that (a) disability is a diseased state, (b) it is essentially an unfortunate individual problem that occurs on a random basis, (c) it is the responsibility of the medical profession to treat disabled people (d) disabled people are biologically and psycholo gically inferior to those who are able-bodied, (e) disabled people or their families cannot take decisions about their lives, and that (f) the medical profession should play a dominant role in deciding upon their lives. (Lang, 1998) Whilst discrimination against disabled people has existed from historical times and across societies, researchers feel that the issue was possibly aggravated immensely in the UK by the industrial revolution, the growth of capitalism and the dominance of the medical model. Social attitudes towards disabled people hardened during the 18th, 19th and much of the 20th century and developed into deep rooted prejudice, which evinced itself in various ways of discrimination and oppression, and led to the imposition of great difficulties on disabled people. (Lang, 1998) Thompson, in 0733966 2001, provided a PCS model that attempts to explain the complex nature in which inequalities, prejudice and discrimination operate to impact the lives of individuals, groups and communities. (Thompson, 2001) Thompson argues that three interlinked levels reinforce discrimination and oppression within society. These operate at the Personal, Cultural and Structural levels and mutually reinforce each other to create extensive and deep rooted biases against people. (Thompson, 2001) At the personal level this relates to individual views and can evidence itself through patronising behaviour towards the disabled, feelings of physical and intellectual superiority, and dislike for the different physical appearances of people with impairments. At the cultural level, people can share common beliefs, (accentuated by the dominance of the medical model) regarding the physical and psychological inferiority of disabled people, along with related feelings about their incapability in handling their liv es, and the need to institutionalise and treat them separately. Structurally discrimination can evidence itself through a myriad of excluding and disempowering conditions like the preponderance of escalators rather than lifts at tube stations, the low representation of the disabled at the workplace, the lack of textbooks for blind people, the presence of separate schools for disabled children, and the widespread lack of facilities for disabled people at pubs, cinemas, amusement parks, airports, railway stations, and even polling booths. Recent years have seen some change in these attitudes and led to the development of the Social Model, which, in contrast to the Medical Model argues that disabled individuals are as much part of mainstream society as able bodied individuals and social obstacles â€Å"like inaccessible buildings, unusable transport systems as well as 0733966 pejorative social attitudes, prejudice and institutionalised discrimination †¦ are the real concerns of disability.† (Lang, 1998) Disability, in the social model is seen to arise from socio-cultural rather than biological causes; it is imposed on existing physical impairments through isolationist and excluding attitudes, behaviours, and policies and amounts to oppression. (Lang, 1998) Conclusion Whilst discrimination and oppression against disabled people in the workplace continues to occur, recent legislation aims to level the playing field by ensuring that employers and service providers do not adopt discriminatory attitudes towards the disabled, and apart from treating them at par with able bodied people take cognizance of their needs and provide for the same. The DDA enjoins employers and service providers, namely companies and organisations that provide goods, facilities, and services to the public, for example banks, hospitals, local authority services, cinemas, railway and bus stations, shops, hotels, restaurants, football grounds, public parks, and private education to make reasonable adjustments to cater to the needs of disabled people, and service users have the right to approach the legal and official machinery if such needs are not met. Social workers and practitioners, despite their education and profession are vulnerable to PCS factors and need to ensure that they approach the issue on the basis that the disabled, while being different, are part of mainstream society and need help and assimilation, not pity. Current legislation calls for the active involvement of social workers in assessing the needs of disabled people and studies indicate that responses 0733966 of social workers are influenced by a number of variables and often differ in assessing the needs of service users. Understanding the perspectives of service users is essential for assessing their actual needs. (Noe, 2007) â€Å"Social workers will have to be flexible without losing focus, take cognizance of the views of disabled people, be theoretically informed, be ready to challenge and change existing ideas and practices, analyse the oppressive nature of organisational culture and its impact on practice, include continuous reflection and evaluation of practice, have multidimensional change strategies, which incorporate the concepts of networking, user involvement, partnership and participation, and analyse the issues of power, both personal and structural.† (Noe, 2007) The contribution of disabled people to the workplace, especially in the context of an ageing society, can be immense and their inclusion will not just bring in the benefits of diversity but also add to organisational skills and competitive advantage f organisations. Whilst enacted laws will no doubt help in bringing in assimilation and integration, real progress will occur only with the proactive support of employers, service providers and social workers. These include making adjustments to premises, allocating some of the duties of disabled persons to others, altering working hours, acquiring or modifying equipment, providing good quality training and supervision, not refuse to provide services, and change existing policies and procedures to make them disabled-friendly. 0733966 Businesses would be well served by conducting access audits and involving disabled persons in recruitment, selection, training, and assimilation processes. Keeping disabled people out of workplaces, and refusing them to give them their due rights makes bad social and business sense because even as society loses out on their contribution, in exchange for some very small cost and adjustment issues, it denies them the opportunity to live meaningful and dignified lives. Nine out of seventy million Britishers are disabled; the able bodied need to realise that even one road accident or a multiple sclerosis attack could make them disabled, and whether that would be good enough reason for excluding them from the rights and benefits available to other citizens. 0733966 References Barnes, C, 1991, Chapter 4, Disabled people in Britain and Discrimination, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Barnes/disabled%20people%20and%20discrim%20ch4.pdf Berthoud, R, 2006, The employment rates of disabled people, Department for Work and Pensions, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rports2005-2006/rrep298.pdf Cohen, D, and Hebert, K, 2004, Equality and diversity in the workplace, BMJ Career Focus, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from careerfocus.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/329/7467/116.pdf Conaway, J, 1999, September, Enabling the Disabled, Americas (English Edition), 51, 52 Conniff, R, 1996, Banishing the Disabled, The Progressive, 60, 20+ Davis, K, 1996, The social model of disability and its implication for language use, Derbyshire coalition of disabled people, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.saifscotland.org.uk/documents/SocialModelLanguage-newlogo.pdf Disability and Access Issues, 2004, Systems Concepts, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.system-concepts.com/articles/article0054.html Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007, Shaw Trust, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.shaw-trust.org.uk/page/6/91/ 0733966 Equal Access, 1995, Socialist Review, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr183/stack1.htm Exploring anti-oppressive practices, Thompsons PCS Model, 2002, Student Youth Work Online, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from youthworkcentral.tripod.com/aop_pcs.htm Fatal discrimination against disabled people, 2007, Society for the Protection of Unborn Children, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.spuc.org.uk/about/no-less-human/discrimination Hirst, M, Thornton, P, and Dearey, M, 2004, The employment of disabled people in the public sector, University of York, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Thornton/Employment% Lang, R, 1998, A critique of the disability movement Asia Pacific disability rehabilitation journal, Vol. 9, 1, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/asia/resource/apdrj/z13jo0100/z13jo0103.htm Matsell, G, 2006, Attitude towards disability needs to change, Nottinghamshire County Teaching, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.nottinghamshirecountyteachingpct.nhs.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=12154pgid=9876. Mulholland, H, 2005, Prejudice still blocking disabled peoples path to work, Society Guardian, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.guardian.co.uk/society/2005/may/25/disability.equality Noe, S. R, 2007, Discrimination against Individuals with Mental Illness. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 63(1), 20+ 0733966 Russell, M, and Malhotra, R, 2002, The Political Economy of Disablement: Advances And Contradictions, Socialist Register, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.zmag.org/content/Miscellaneous/russell_socreg.cfm Rocco, T, 2001, The invisible people, disability, diversity, and issues of power in adult education, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from https://idea.iupui.edu/dspace/bitstream/1805/414/1/Rocco%20T%20.pdf The Rights Stuff; Can Disabled People Ever Get a Really Good Job? Barney Calman Meets a Tireless Campaigner with a High-Powered Career Who Is Determined to Help Others Overcome Their Disadvantages, 2005, May 31, The Evening Standard (London, England), p. 1 Thompson, N (2001) Anti-Discriminatory Practice, Third Edition, London: Palgrave Tregaskis, C, 2004, Constructions of Disability: Researching the Interface between Disabled and Non-Disabled People. New York: Routledge UK signs up to UN disability rights convention, 2007, Managing Diversity, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.managingdiversity.co.uk/news_article.php Welcome to The United Kingdoms Disabled Peoples Council (UKDPC) 123, 2003, BCODP, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.bcodp.org.uk

Multiculturalism In Australia Essay

Multiculturalism In Australia Essay What is multiculturalism as a descriptor of Australias population and settlement policy? How has it changed before, during, and after the Howard government? In practice, is life in Australia more integrationist or more multicultural? Australia is a melting pot of races, cultures and beliefs. This country was built by people from rich variety of cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds. The lives of Australians have changed greatly along with the active policy of immigration since 1945 (Brett 2003). Today we can clearly see many different cultures get together to call Australia home and most of the cultures have embraced the Australian way of life. This essay will firstly give a brief description of Australian immigration history along with earlier policies and the phase of multiculturalism that was dominant for several decades as well as look at government practices and changes in immigration policies before during and after Howard government. Multiculturalism refers to several different cultures which can be brought together to live peacefully and equally as one. The history of human habitation with the Australia begins with the first arrival of peoples families to the present native inhabitants. It is believed that the Australias foremost indigenous tribes arrived over 50,000 years ago from an unknown region of Asia (Brett 2003).European exploration of Australia began in 1606 when a Spanish navigator sailed through the Torres Strait, which separates Australia from Papua New Guinea. He was soon followed by Dutch, French and English explorers who began to map the continent (Brett 2003). Australia was generally depicted as a distant and unattractive territory for European settlement but for Great Britain it had deliberate and socio economic value. The British Control of the continent offered a solution for the relocation of convicts in its overpowered prisons and also assists as a base for British naval. Therefore the British settlement of Australia began in 1788 and afterwards the colony began to develop rapidly as free settlers arrived from Britain and Ireland and new lands were opened up for farming (Carter 2006, p. 341). However, with the discovery of gold in 1851, the nature of Australian migration changed completely. This gold rush era cause an early migration boom and started the international arrivals, People arrived in far greater numbers and from more varied backgrounds than ever before. Between the period of 1851 and 1861 over 600,000 people migrated to Australia (Hodge 2006, p. 91). When the colonies federated in 1901, control of immigration changed. The first legislation passed by the new parliament was the immigration restriction act which was also referred to as the White Australian Policy. In spite of relatively large amount of Chinese residents in Australia this act ensured those who were not of European descent were not permitted to live in Australia and also banned Asian migration for the next fifty years (www.Australiatodayhistoryofimmigration.htm) That same year the Federal Parliament passed the Pacific Islands Labourers Act to exclude their employment as contract labourers and to deport those already in the country. During this period Australia had many unfair immigration laws which were conflicting and could not be met by those who were not of European descent (Horne 1980). In 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, migration almost ceased. Furthermore, some migrants from countries such as Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey previously thought acceptable were now reclassified as enemy aliens and prohibit people from these countries for five years (Hodge 2006, p. 91). As with the end of First World War Church and community organisations such as the YMCA and the Salvation Army sponsored migrants. Small numbers also arrived independently. As the United States sought to limit migration of Southern Europeans, increasing numbers of young men from Greece and Italy paid their own way to Australia. By the 1930s, Jewish settlers began arriving in greater numbers, many of them refugees from Hitlers Europe (www.ads.gov.au). Before World War two, Australia was a country with a homogenous European population and remained in this manner for some time. However during the Second World War, Australia became home to many non-European refugees, especially to Asian countries. Malaysians, Filipinos and Indonesian are settled down in the country. Australia actively required these immigrants, with the government assisting many of them, they found work due to an expanding economy and major infrastructure projects such as Snowy Mountain scheme. There were workers from over thirty different nations who were not necessarily of European descent. Seventy percent of the workers who were part of the scheme were migrants who saw potential in coming to Australia (www.Australiatodayhistoryofimmigration.htm). Harold Holts decision in 1949 to permit approximately 800 non-European refugees and the Japanese war brides to be admitted was the first movement for Australia to become a multicultural society. When the war ended, Australia launched a massive entirely new immigration programme Australia negotiated agreements with other governments and international organisations to help achieve high migration targets (Lopez 2000, p. 131) Former Australian Prime Minister John Curtiss dream of keeping Australia in the hands of its white European descendants did not last. From the 1950s, Australia began to relax its White Australia policy. In 1956 non-European residents were allowed to apply for citizenship (Hodge 2006, p. 91). Two years later the transcription Test was abolished as a further means of exclusion. By the 1960s mixed race migration was becoming easier and in 1966 Australia entered into its first migration agreement with non-European countries. This was a big step for Australia as it was the first time that both the political government and the Australian people agreed on letting different cultures mix around together (Brett 2003). Then in 1972 Australians elected their first Labour government since 1948. As Minister for Immigration, Al Grassby radically changed official policy. The quota system, based on country of origin and preservation of racial homogeneity, was replaced by structured selection. Migrants were chosen on the basis of skills and capital, rather than the country of origin, selecting those most likely to integrate easily  and become self sufficient. In 1973, the White Australian Policy was formally discarded and declared Australia as a multicultural society, Al Grassy announced that every relic of past ethnic or racial discrimination had been abolished (Lopez 2000, p. 131). Multiculturalism policy has been reoriented from a focus on settler groups to the broader constituency of all Australians with the mission of promoting harmonious community relations and building social cohesion in a way that inhibits and prevents racism (Probert 2001) In 1988 the Fitzgerald Inquiry led to further changes in migration with a move away from family reunion towards an emphasis on skilled and business categories. The assisted passage scheme had ended in 1981 and only refugees are given any level of support on their arrival in Australia. Tiananmen Square Massacre incident was occurred in 1989 and the Prime Minister Bob Hawke granted permanent residency to many Chinese students in Australia. After the Jakarta riots of May 1998 migrants from Jakarta trickled in to major cities in Australia (Hodge 2006, p. 91). Although the multiculturalism was adopted by the government and accepted by majority of the Australians still there were some conflicts regarding the multiculturalism during that period. Political harmony on multiculturalism was shattered when John Howard, leader of the opposition, took a different approach on multiculturalism. Howard was a staunch believer in traditional Australian values. In 1988 Howard pushed for a number of policy changes: one was for an adjustment of the mix of migrants; another was for a One-Australia post-arrival. Stating that he believed the rate of Asian immigration into Australia should be slowed down for the sake of social cohesion. He stated: I do believe that if it is in the eyes of some in the community that its too great, it would be in our immediate-term interest and supporting of social cohesion if it were slowed down a little, so the capacity of the community to absorb it was greater(Richards 2003). However the Hawke Labour Government of that time was in support of multiculturalism, they created the Office of Multicultural Affairs (OMA) in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet whose objectives included raising awareness of cultural diversity and promoting social cohesion, understanding and tolerance. Even though Howard broke the harmony of the major parties over multiculturalism, Hawke Labour government remained committed to the policy and the Labour partys platform professed the goal of Working Together for a Multicultural Australian (Probert 2001). Howard Government was elected in 1996 As Prime Minister; John Howard pointedly avoided using the M word, multiculturalism. He insisted it not be used in the joint parliamentary resolution rejecting racism that was passed in 1996, and avoided it in speeches that nevertheless courted the ethnic constituency (Betts 2000) The Howard government effectively marginalised multiculturalism as an issue by keeping some of its paraphernalia while emphasising common political values and national unity. There was some scaling down of immigration, Australia accepted 87,000 immigrants in 1994-95 and planned immigrant intake was reduced to 68,000 in the begging of Howard Government (www.ads.gov.au). Howards distaste for multiculturalism was long-standing but motivated as much by political expediency as personal taste, but a decade later his strong commitment to traditional Australian values was condensed. Prime Minister Howard finally accepted Australian multiculturalism-with strong emphasis on Australian-at least sufficiently to launch the National Multiculturalism Advisory Councils report Australian multiculturalism for a new century: Towards inclusiveness in April 1999. That report, however, was a rather innocuous and somewhat garbled version of multiculturalism as Australian values and citizenship (Betts 2000). Australia has a pluralist democracy, the report affirmed, and Australian multiculturalism has been built on the evolving values of Australian democracy and citizenship. Diversity was recognised as a fact rather than as an end in itself, and valued as a great cultural, social and economic resource. The report claimed that Australian multiculturalism had at its core à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the same values that are embedded in the notion of citizenship, including tolerance and a commitment to freedom and equal opportunity. Even John Howards old favourites, mateship and a fair go, were incorporated in the revamped version (www.ads.gov.au). Multiculturalism is now used more by governments at the national and state levels as rhetoric of community relations that aims at social cohesion. The Council for Multicultural Australia, was established in July 2000, and charged with implementing A New Agenda for Multicultural Australia. Its purpose is to promote the benefits of diversity to business and to oversee the implementation of a charter of public service in a culturally diverse society (Probert 2001). In May 2003 the Howard government released its multicultural policy statement, Multicultural Australia: United in Diversity. It updated the 1999 new agenda, set strategic directions for 2003-06, and included a commitment to a Council for Multicultural Australia (Brett 2003). In 2004-05, Australia accepted 123,000 new settlers, a 40 per cent increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of immigrants (40,000 in 2004/05) moved to Sydney. The majority of immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India. There was also significant growth in student numbers from Asia, and continued high numbers of tourists from Asia (www.Australiatodayhistoryofimmigration.htm). Planned immigrant intake in 2005/06 had more than doubled compared with the intake of 1996. As at 2007 immigration accounted just over half the overall growth in Australias population. In NSW and South Australia about three-quarters of the population growth could be attributed to immigration. The planned intake for 2007/08 was almost 153,000- plus 13,000 under the humanitarian program and in addition 24,000 New Zealanders were expected to migrate under specific trans-Tasman agreement. Under the Howard Government the quota for skilled migrants rose significantly compared with the quota for family reunions (Hodge 2006, p. 91). Australias last multicultural policy, the Howard Governments Multicultural Australia United in Diversity (2003-2006) expired in 2006. A new multicultural advisory body was established by the Rudd Government in late 2008. Some of the suggested main points of new Australian Multicultural policy introduced by the Rudd government can be identified as follows ( Hammer 2008) Recognition, acceptance and celebration of the cultural, linguistic and faith diversity based around the shared commitment to Australias democracy and laws. A focus on the importance of intercultural and interfaith as relating to the importance of mutual understanding and respect between people of different ethnic, cultural, linguistic and faith backgrounds. Recognition of productive diversity and the great economic, social and cultural benefits of cultural, linguistic and faith diversity for all Australians. Recognition of the fundamental human right of all Australians to practice, preserve, enhance, share and celebrate their cultural, linguistic or faith heritage if they so choose. Strong indicators, measures and policies for social inclusion and economic participation for Australians from culturally, linguistically and faith diverse backgrounds. Greater recognition and incorporation of issues around cultural, linguistic and faith diversity within the important social inclusion policy agenda. Stronger and more creative policies and measures that address racism, and racial and religious discrimination and vilification. Implementation of a Multicultural Act, along the lines of the Canadian or Victoria Multicultural Acts, recognising Australia as a multicultural nation committed to access and equity for all its citizens regardless of background. Renewed investment in population, immigration and cultural, linguistic and faith diversity research. Stronger English language training and employment participation programs for migrants and refugees. A properly funded and resourced SBS also focussed on its multicultural and multilingual charter objectives, as well as adequate funding mechanisms for community based ethnic broadcasters. (Hammer 2008) In 2008-09, more than 171  000 migrants were granted visas under the Skill and Family Streams of Australias Migration Program. In this same period nearly 670  000 people received temporary entry visas to Australia to undertake specific work or business, or to entertain, play sport, have a working holiday or study. In addition to this, 13  507 humanitarian entrants were granted visas to enable them to live in Australia to rebuild their lives, having fled persecution or suffering (Hammer 2008). In October 2007, the Australian government announced a ban on refugees from Africa, which would be reviewed in mid-2008. Immigration Minister Kevin Andrews stated that refugees from Sudan were having problems integrating and those refugees from Burma and Afghanistan should take priority. However, after the Rudd Labour government was elected on the 25th of November 2007, Australias stance on keeping refugees off shore changed and on the 8th of February 2008, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd announced that all refugees kept on Nauru would be moved to Australia. This signalled the end of the Pacific solution (www.ads.gov.au). The reality is that multiculturalism is about and for all Australians. Multiculturalism is about mainstream Australia, because mainstream Australia is multicultural. The immigration has influenced the Australian society in numerous ways (Carter 2006, p. 341). Australia experiences a brain gain, in that it records substantial net migration gains in all high skill and high qualification occupational categories. In addition Australias growing population spends more and invests more   thus contributing to the expansion of the countrys economy.   Along with such essentials as food and housing, migrants set up new businesses and help business expansion through investment and their contributions to new technologies, which then produce extra goods and services in both the private and government sectors (Richards 2003). Exotic food and flavors from other countries is another advantage. Moreover Australia is not only considerably richer in experiences, but enjoys much closer economic and social links with other nations as a direct result of diverse multicultural population. Australian fashion, food and culture have all been affected by multiculturalism because it makes up what it means to be Australian. (Hodge 2006, p. 91). Australia is proud of its multicultural society and enjoys the diversity of cultures that ongoing migration from around the world provides. The cultural diversity touches all Australians, benefits all Australians; its success has been achieved by all Australians and it should be cherished and celebrated by all Australians (Horne 1980). As a conclusion we could say even though that Australian culture has adopted lot of cultural backgrounds and different values the Australian society appears to be both multicultural and integrated as well.

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy on Education Statement

Philosophy On Education: My Beliefs Students are the key to our future. In order for them to make sound decisions in life they must be able to understand the consequences for the choices they make. My goal as a teacher will be to make sure they receive the knowledge to make those decisions. I want to be a teacher so that I can mold students to be intelligent, productive citizens in our society. I want to be a role model, someone children can look up to and emulate. I believe I am worthy and capable of being a teacher because I am intelligent, compassionate, and of high moral character. I believe I can encourage students to become the best person they can be. To achieve these goals, there are factors I need to consider, such as: what type of learning environment I will provide for the students, what teaching methods will I incorporate, and whom will my students be. The students’ learning environment is an important factor to their success. I want to encourage both group and solitary learning. The desks will be arranged in groups of two and will promote a buddy system in the classroom. My buddy system is designed to give students the opportunity to interact with others outside their usual clique. I believe this system will encourage students to become acquainted with new people and new ideas. I also want a classroom with windows. That way, the students could have plants to tend. I believe the plants would promote responsibility and serve as a year round science project. Bulletin boards would not reflect the students’ grade level, but instead they would represent something a bit more advanced. Hopefully, these bulletin boards will stimulate questions, peak curiosity, and get students prepared for advanced subj... ...ds cannot get the one on one care he/she deserves in a large classroom. I would be willing to include students with severe disabilities for some of the activities. However, someone trained in the field of special education will be better equipped and more qualified to teach those students than myself. To sum it up, my philosophy about education is centered on the students. The classroom will reflect an open, collective, yet challenging environment. I will employ any teaching technique necessary to motivate, encourage and assist my students in achieving their academic best. I want all my students to have an equal opportunity to succeed; therefore, I will strive for fairness in testing, grading and classroom accommodations. Above all, it is my ultimate goal to provide the students with the capability and the knowledge that they will need to succeed in life.

Edgar Allan Poes Writing Essay -- Literacy Analysis

Often times, authors use specific instances from their lives to produce ideas for stories and incorporate them into his or her works. In the gothic times, dark, threatening, horrific, morbid, depressing, bizarre, bewildering, death and insane are just some words that best describe the popular type of literature at that time. One man’s name can summarize these words, Edgar Allan Poe. He is considered to be one of the greatest obscure American authors/poets whom many literary scholars still try to make heads or tails of. People throughout the history often wondered why Poe’s writings are so fantastically diverse and unusual, why his literary style is dark, and why he has so many supernatural connotations in each of his writings. He displays his tragic life, achievements, and mostly his disappointments which occurred over the course of his life in a series of stories and poems. Edgar Allan Poe's works are not only a product of creative genius, but also a reflection of his countless struggles and devastating personal experiences. These occurrences spawn the themes of untimely death, insanity, and revenge that become the focus of his macabre style of writing. Poe's life experiences have a major influence in his writings, including the use of the nature of death and provocative questions about the afterlife. The favorable reason to his macabre works has been thought to be the result of experiencing the many deaths of his loved ones early in his life. Based on Poe’s works, he believes that the death of a beautiful woman is unquestionably the most poetic topic in the world. For example, in his later poems, most notably, and represents the imaginative repetition of his painful experiences. Jeffrey Scraba, one of the literature critics ... ...oston, Massachusetts: G.K Hall&Co, 1987. N. pag. Print. Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 29 Aug. 2011. Web. 7 May 2012. . Poe, Edgar Allan. The Literature Network. N.p., 2012. Web. 7 May 2012. . Scraba, Jeffrey. "Repetition and Remembrance in Poe's Poerty." Critical Insights The Poetry of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Steven Frye. Pasadena California: Salem Press, 2011. 34-46. Print. Stauffer, Donald B. "Style and Meaning in "Ligeia" and "William Wilson"." Critical Essays on Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Eric W. Carlson. Boston, Massachusetts: G.K Hall&Co, 1987. 115-25. Print. Zlotnick-Woldenberg, Carrie. "Edgar Allan Poe's `Ligeia': An Object-Relational Interpretation." American Journal Of Psychotherapy 53.3 (1999): 403. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.

Who Am I? :: essays research papers

Monday, May 30, 2005 12:44 AM Beginning installation. AUOffice2004111EN Type of Install: Easy Install Updated TyGeR_74:Applications:Microsoft Office 2004:Microsoft Entourage - Original file moved to trash. Updated TyGeR_74:Applications:Microsoft Office 2004:Microsoft Excel - Original file has been deleted. Updated TyGeR_74:Applications:Microsoft Office 2004:Microsoft Word - Original file moved to trash. 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