Foreign exchange market Essay Example for Free

Foreign ex commute grocery EssayMonetary indemnity is the process by which the monetary position of a country controls the give of specie, often bearinging a locate of by-line for the purpose of promoting economic taketh and constancy. The appointed goals ordinarily include relatively stable determines and low unemployment. Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft optimal pecuniary polity. It is referred to as either creation expansionary or contractionary, where an expansionary polity profits the total supply of money in the sparing more rapidly than usual, and contractionary indemnity extends the money supply more slowly than usual or even shrinks it. Expansionary insurance policy is tradition totallyy utilise to try to combat unemployment in a recession by do work downing take paces in the hope that easy reliance provide entice ancestryes into expanding. Contractionary policy is intended to slow splashiness in order to avoid the resulti ng distortions and deterioration of asset values.Monetary policy, to a great extent, is the perplexity of expectations. Monetary policy rests on the relationship between the steps of interest in an prudence, that is, the hurt at which money can be borrowed, and the total supply of money. Monetary policy uses a variety of besidesls to control one or both of these, to sour outcomes like economic suppuration, puffiness, qualify rank with new(prenominal) currencies and unemployment. Where metal(prenominal) is under a monopoly of issuance, or where in that location is a regulated system of issuing bullion through banks which are tied to a telephone alternate bank, the pecuniary authority has the ability to alter the money supply and thus form the interest rate (to achieve policy goals). The beginning of pecuniary policy as such comes from the late 19th carbon, where it was used to maintain the gold quantity. GeneralMonetary policy is the process by which the presid ential term, central bank, or pecuniary authority of a country controls (i) the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and (iii) cost of money or rate of interest to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the frugality. Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy.Monetary policy rests on the relationship between the rates of interest in an rescue, that is the hurt at which money can be borrowed, and the total supply of money. Monetary policy uses a variety of tools to control one or both of these, to influence outcomes like economic growth, inflation, exchange rates with other currencies and unemployment. Where currency is under a monopoly of issuance, or where there is a regulated system of issuing currency through banks which are tied to a central bank, the monetary authority has the ability to alter the money supply and thus influence the interest rate (to achieve policy goals).It is important for policymake rs to make likely announcements. If private agents (consumers and firms) believe that policymakers are committed to debaseing inflation, they lead anticipate prospective prices to be lower than otherwise (how those expectations are formed is an entirely different matter compare for instance rational expectations with adaptive expectations). If an employee expects prices to be high up in the approaching, he or she lead draw up a wage contract with a high wage to match these prices. Hence, the expectation of lower wages is reflected in wage-setting bearing between employees and employers (lower wages since prices are expected to be lower) and since wages are in fact lower there is no demand pull inflation because employees are receiving a smaller wage and there is no cost push inflation because employers are paying out less in wages. 2. What is a primeval Bank?A central bank, adjudge bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a states currency, money supply, and interest rates. of import banks likewise unremarkably oversee the commercial banking system of their respective countries. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increase the hail of money in the country, and usually also prints the national currency, which usually serves as the nations legal tender. Examples include the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Federal Reserve of the joined States.The primary pop off of a central bank is to manage the nations moneysupply (monetary policy), through active duties such as managing interest rates, setting the reserve requirement, and acting as a lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of bank insolvency or financial crisis. Central banks usually also take invest supervisory powers, intended to prevent bank runs and to reduce the risk that commercial banks and other financial institutions engage in reckless or fraudulent behavior. Central banks in most developed nations are insti tutionally designed to be independent from political interference.THE BANGKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINASThe Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (English Central Bank of the Philippines Spanish Banco Central de Filipinas comm save abbreviated as BSP in both Filipino and English), is the central bank of the Philippines. It was established on July 3, 1993, pursuant to the provision of majority rule Act 7653 or the New Central Bank Act of 1993. HistoryIn 1900, the First Philippine Commission passed Act No. 52, which placed all banks under the side of the Treasury and authorizing the Insular Treasurer to supervise and examine banks and all banking application. In 1929, the Department of Finance, through the Bureau of Banking, took over bank supervision.By 1933, a mathematical group of Filipinos had conceptualized a central bank for the Philippine Islands. It came up with the rudiments of a bill for the establishment of a central bank after a calculated study of the economic render of the HareHaw esCutting Act, which would grant Philippine independence after 12 categorys, still reserving military and naval subalterns for the United States and imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. However, the HareHawesCutting Act would be rejected by the Senate of the Philippines at the urging of Manuel L. Quezon. This Senate then advocated a new bill that won President Franklin D. Roosevelts support this would be the TydingsMcDuffie Act, which would grant Philippine independence on July 4, 1946.During the Commonwealth Period, discussions continued regarding the idea ofa Philippine central bank that would get up price stability and economic growth. The countrys monetary system then was administered by the Department of Finance and the National Treasury, and the Philippine peso was on the exchange standard victimization the United States vaulting horse, which was backed by 100 percent gold reserve, as the standard currency.As required by the TydingsMcDuffie Act, the Nationa l Assembly of the Philippines in 1939 passed a law establishing a central bank. As it was a monetary law, it required the approval of the President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt did not give his. A snatch law was passed in 1944 under the Japanese-controlledSecond Republic, but the arrival of American liberation forces in 1945 aborted its implementation.Shortly after President Manuel Roxas assumed office in 1946, he instructed then-Finance Secretary Miguel Cuaderno, Sr. to draw up a charter for a central bank. The establishment of a monetary authority became imperative a year later as a result of the findings of the Joint Philippine-American Finance Commission chaired by Cuaderno. The Commission, which studied Philippine financial, monetary, and pecuniary problems in 1947, recommended a shift from the dollar exchange standard to a managed currency system. A central bank was necessary to implement the proposed shift to the new system.Roxas then created the Central Bank Council to fasten the charter of a proposed monetary authority. It was submitted to Congress in February 1948. By June of the same year, the newly proclaimed President Elpidio Quirino, who succeeded President Roxas, affixed his signature on Republic Act (RA) No. 265, the Central Bank Act of 1948.On January 3, 1949, the Central Bank of the Philippines was formally inaugurated with Miguel Cuaderno, Sr. as the first governor. The main duties and responsibilities of the Central Bank were to campaign economic development and maintain internal and external monetary stability. 3. What are the Types of Monetary Policy?In practice, to implement any part of monetary policy the main tool used is modifying the amount of base money in circulation. The monetary authority does this by buying or selling financial assets (usually politicsobligations). These open grocery store operations change either the amount of money or its liquidity (if less liquid forms of money are bought or sold). The m ultiplier factor effect of fractional reserve banking amplifies the effects of these actions. Constant foodstuff transactions by the monetary authority modify the supply of currency and this impacts other market variables such as short term interest rates and the exchange rate. The distinction between the various types of monetary policy lies primarily with the set of instruments and target variables that are used by the monetary authority to achieve their goals.Monetary PolicyTarget Market VariableLong Term Objective flash TargetingInterest rate on overnight debtA given rate of change in the CPIPrice Level TargetingInterest rate on overnight debtA specific CPI numberMonetary AggregatesThe growth in money supplyA given rate of change in the CPIFixed Exchange RateThe spot price of the currencyThe spot price of the currencyGold StandardThe spot price of goldLow inflation as measured by the gold priceMixed PolicyUsually interest ratesUsually unemployment + CPI changeThe different type s of policy are also called monetary regimes, in parallel to exchange rate regimes. A fixed exchange rate is also an exchange rate regime The Gold standard results in a relatively fixed regime towards thecurrency of other countries on the gold standard and a floating regime towards those that are not. Targeting inflation, the price level or other monetary aggregates implies floating exchange rate unless the management of the relevant foreign currencies is trailing exactly the same variables.In economics, an expansionary pecuniary policy includes higher expending and measure cuts, that encourage economic growth. In turn, an expansionary monetary policy is one that seeks to augment the size of the money supply. Conversely, contractionary monetary policy seeks to reduce the size of the money supply. In most nations, monetary policy is controlled by either a central bank or a finance ministry. In most nations, monetary policy is controlled by either a central bank or a finance minis try. Neoclassical and Keynesian economics significantly differ on the effects and effectiveness of monetary policy on influencing the real economy there is no clear consensus on how monetary policy implys real economic variables (aggregate output or income, employment). Both economic schools accept that monetary policy scratchs monetary variables (price levels, interest rates). Inflation targetingUnder this policy approach the target is to keep inflation, under a particular definition such as Consumer Price Index, at bottom a desired telescope. The inflation target is achieved through periodic adjustments to the Central Bank interest rate target. The interest rate used is by and large the interbank rate at which banks lend to each other overnight for property flow purposes. Depending on the country this particular interest rate might be called the cash rate or something similar. The interest rate target is maintained for a specific duration employ open market operations. Typi cally the duration that the interest rate target is kept constant will vary between months and years.This interest rate target is usually reviewed on a monthly or quarterly basis by a policy committee. Changes to the interest rate target are made in response to various market indicators in an attempt to forecast economic trends and in so doing keep the market on track towards achieving the defined inflation target. For example, one simple method of inflation targeting called the Taylor rule adjusts the interest rate in response to changes in the inflation rate and the output gap.The rule was proposedby John B. Taylor of Stanford University. The inflation targeting approach to monetary policy approach was pioneered in New Zealand. It has been used inAustralia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, New Zealand, Norway, Iceland, India,Philippines, Poland, Sweden, South Africa, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Price level targetingPrice level targeting is a moneta ry policy that is similar to inflation targeting except that CPI growth in one year over or under the long term price level target is offset in subsequent years such that a targeted price-level is reached over time, e.g. five years, giving more authenticty about future price increases to consumers. Under inflation targeting what happened in the immediate past years is not taken into account or adjusted for in the current and future years. Uncertainty in price levels can create uncertainty around price and wage setting activity for firms and workers, and undermines any information that can be gained from relative prices, as it is more difficult for firms to determine if a change in the price of a good or service is because of inflation or other factors, such as an increase in the efficiency of factors of production, if inflation is high and volatile. An increase in inflation also leads to a decrease in the demand for money, as it reduces the incentive to hold money and increases tra nsaction and shoe leather costs. Monetary aggregatesIn the 1980s, several countries used an approach based on a constant growth in the money supply. This approach was refined to include different classes of money and credit (M0, M1 etc.). In the USA this approach to monetary policy was discontinued with the selection of Alan Greenspan as Fed Chairman. This approach is also sometimes called monetarism. turn most monetary policy focuses on a price signal of one form or another, this approach is focused on monetary quantities. As these quantities could submit a role on the economy and occupation cycles depending on the households risk aversion level, money is sometimes explicitly added in the central banks reaction function. Fixed exchange rateThis policy is based on maintaining a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency. There are varying degrees of fixed exchange rates, which can be ranked in relation to how rigid the fixed exchange rate is with the anchor nation. Under a system of fiat fixed rates, the local judicature or monetary authority declares a fixed exchange rate but does not actively buy or sell currency to maintain the rate.Instead, the rate is enforce by non-convertibility measures (e.g. capital controls, import/export licenses, etc.). In this case there is a black market exchange rate where the currency dutys at its market/unofficial rate. Under a system of fixed-convertibility, currency is bought and sold by the central bank or monetary authority on a daily basis to achieve the target exchange rate. This target rate whitethorn be a fixed level or a fixed bent deep down which the exchange rate may fluctuate until the monetary authority intervenes to buy or sell as necessary to maintain the exchange rate within the band. (In this case, the fixed exchange rate with a fixed level can be seen as a special case of the fixed exchange rate with bands where the bands are set to zero.) Under a system of fixed exchange rates maintained by a curren cy board any unit of local currency must be backed by a unit of foreign currency (correcting for the exchange rate).This ensures that the local monetary base does not inflate without being backed by hard currency and eliminates any worries about a run on the local currency by those wishing to convert the local currency to the hard (anchor) currency. Under dollarization, foreign currency (usually the US dollar, hence the term dollarization) is used freely as the intermediate of exchange either exclusively or in parallel with local currency. This outcome can come about because the local population has lost all faith in the local currency, or it may also be a policy of the government (usually to rein in inflation and import credible monetary policy). These policies often abdicate monetary policy to the foreign monetary authority or government as monetary policy in the pegging nation must align with monetary policy in the anchor nation to maintain the exchange rate. The degree to whic h local monetary policy becomes dependent on the anchor nation depends on factors such as capital mobility, openness, credit channels and other economic factors. Gold standardThe gold standard is a system under which the price of the national currencyis measured in units of gold bars and is kept constant by the governments promise to buy or sell gold at a fixed price in terms of the base currency. The gold standard might be regarded as a special case of fixed exchange rate policy, or as a special type of commodity price level targeting. Today this type of monetary policy is no longer used by any country, although the gold standard was widely used across the world between the mid-19th century through 1971. Its major advantages were simplicity and transparency. The gold standard was abandoned during the Great Depression, as countries sought to reinvigorate their economies by increasing their money supply.The Bretton Woods system, which was a modified gold standard, replaced it in the aftermath of World fight II. However, this system too broke down during the Nixon shock of 1971. The gold standard induces deflation, as the economy usually grows faster than the supply of gold. When an economy grows faster than its money supply, the same amount of money is used to execute a larger number of transactions. The single way to make this possible is to lower the nominal cost of each transaction, which means that prices of goods and services fall, and each unit of money increases in value. Absent preventative measures, deflation would tend to increase the ratio of the real value of nominal debts to physical assets over time. For example, during deflation, nominal debt and the monthly nominal cost of a fixed-rate home mortgage stays the same, even while the dollar value of the house falls, and the value of the dollars required to pay the mortgage goes up.Economists generally consider such deflation to be a major disadvantage of the gold standard. Unsustainable (i.e. exc essive) deflation can cause problems during recessions and crisis lengthening the amount of time an economy spends in recession. William Jennings Bryan rose to national prominence when he create his historic (though unsuccessful) 1896 presidential campaign around the argument that deflation caused by the gold standard made it harder for everyday citizens to start new businesses, expand their farms, or set up new homes. 4. What are the Monetary Policy tools?Monetary policy uses three main tactical approaches to maintain monetary stability The first tactic manages the money supply.This mainly involves buying government bonds (expanding the money supply) orselling them (contracting the money supply). In the Federal Reserve System, these are known as open market operations, because the central bank buys and sells government bonds in public markets. Most of the government bonds bought and sold through open market operations are short-term government bondsbought and sold from Federal Re serve System member banks and from large financial institutions. When the central bank disburses or collects payment for these bonds, it alters the amount of money in the economy while simultaneously affecting the price (and thereby the yield) of short-term government bonds. The change in the amount of money in the economy in turn affects interbank interest rates. The second tactic manages money demand.Demand for money, like demand for most things, is sensitive to price. For money, the price is the interest rates charged to borrowers. Setting banking-system bring or interest rates (such as the US overnight bank lending rate, the federal funds discount Rate, and the London Interbank Offer Rate, or Libor) in order to manage money demand is a major tool used by central banks. Ordinarily, a central bank conducts monetary policy by training or lowering its interest rate target for the interbank interest rate. If the nominal interest rate is at or very dear zero, the central bank canno t lower it further. Such a situation, called a liquidity trap, can occur, for example, during deflation or when inflation is very low. The third tactic involves managing risk within the banking system.Banking systems use fractional reserve banking to encourage the use of money for investment and expanding economic activity. Banks must keep banking reserves on hand to handle effective cash inevitably, but they can lend an amount equal to several times their actual reserves. The money lent out by banks increases the money supply, and too much money (whether lent or printed) will lead to inflation. Central banks manage systemic risks by maintaining a balance between expansionary economic activity through bank lending and control of inflation through reserve requirements.5. What is Fiscal Policy?Fiscal policy is a type of economical hindrance where the government injects its policies into an economy in order to either expand the economysgrowth or to contract it. By changing the level s of expenditure and levyation, a government can contributely or indirectly affect the aggregate demand, which is the total amount of goods and services in an economy.One thing to remember concerning fiscal policy is that a recession is generally defined as a time period of at least two quarters of consecutive decrement in growth. It may take time to even recognize whether or not there is a recession. With fiscal policy, there will be certain levels of lag time in which conditions will deteriorate before being recognized. At the same time, fiscal policy takes time to implement over receivable to legislative and administrative processes, and those same policies will take time to show results after implementation.Consumers can also react to these policies positively or negatively. Most consumers would have a positive reaction per say to a policy that lowers taxes, while some will have an issue with a government expending more which will increase the burden of debt on nations cit izens. Nevertheless, fiscal policy is a type of intervention that can help to control the direction of an economy. Deciding if and when it should be used will certainly continue to be debated.In economics and political science, fiscal policy is the use of government revenue collection (taxation) and expenditure (spending) to influence the economy. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending in various sectors. These changes can affect the following macroeconomic variables in an economy Aggregate demand and the level of economic activityThe dissemination of incomeThe pattern of resource allocation within the sector and relative to the private sector. Fiscal policy refers to the use of the government budget to influence economic activity.6. What are the Types of Fiscal Policy?Expansionary Fiscal PolicyWhen an economy is in a recession, expansionary fiscal policy is in order. Typically this type of fiscal poli cy results in increased government spending and/or lower taxes. A recession results in a recessionary gap meaning that aggregate demand (ie, GDP) is at a level lower than it would be in a full employment situation. In order to close this gap, a government will typically increase their spending which will directly increase the aggregate demand curve (since government spending creates demand for goods and services). At the same time, the government may choose to cut taxes, which will indirectly affect the aggregate demand curve by allowing for consumers to have more money at their disposal to consume and invest. The actions of this expansionary fiscal policy would result in a shift of the aggregate demand curve to the right, which would result closing the recessionary gap and helping an economy grow. Contractionary Fiscal PolicyContractionary fiscal policy is fundamentally the opposite of expansionary fiscal policy. When an economy is in a state where growth is at a rate that is gett ing out of control (causing inflation and asset bubbles), contractionary fiscal policy can be used to rein it in to a more sustainable level. If an economy is growing too fast or for example, if unemployment is too low, an inflationary gap will form. In order to eliminate this inflationary gap a government may reduce government spending and increase taxes. A decrease in spending by the government will directly decrease aggregate demand curve by diminution government demand for goods and services. Increases in tax levels will also slow growth, as consumers will have less money to consume and invest, thereby indirectly reducing the aggregate demand curve. ConsiderationsEconomic fluctuations independent of policy actions by government often affect the level of tax revenues, forcing elected officials to alter fiscal policy. For example, economic recessions reduce output and employment, resulting in trim back revenue for government coffers. This often forces policy makers to consider c ontractionary measures, such as increasing revenues by raising taxes or cutting government spending.7. What are the Components/Instruments of Fiscal Policy?TaxationTaxation is one of the two primary instruments of fiscal policy. When the government increases or decreases taxes, it increases or decreases the amount of money consumers have to spend which can have a significant impact on the direction of the general economy. A decrease in taxation tends to put more money into the hands of consumers, which can lead to increased spending. Increased spending tends to lead to higher revenues for businesses, which can allow them to expand and hire more workers. Cutting taxes is a common fiscal policy measure to encourage economic growth. Government SpendingGovernment spending is the other main instrument of fiscal policy. The expenditures of the government can get up economic activity and create jobs. For example, if the government funds a project to build a high-speed train across the co untry, the funds that go into the project could go toward hiring workers which could reduce unemployment and inject money into the economy. Higher levels of government spending tend to promote employment and economic growth.ConsiderationsThe government uses fiscal policy to promote economic growth, low unemployment and to stabilize the economy. During period of low economic growth, the government tends to cut taxes and may increase spending in an attempt to spark growth. During periods of high economic growth, the government may increase taxes and cut spending to ensure that the economy doesnt grow too quickly which can result in undesirable effects like high inflation. 8. What are the Stances of Fiscal Policy?The three main stances of fiscal policy areNeutral fiscal policy is usually undertaken when an economy is in equilibrium. Government spending is fully funded by tax revenue and overall the budget outcome has a neutral effect on the level of economic activity. Expansionary fisc al policy involves government spending exceeding tax revenue, and is usually undertaken during recessions. Contractionary fiscal policy occurs when government spending is lower than tax revenue, and isusually undertaken to pay down government debt.However, these definitions can be misleading because, even with no changes in spending or tax laws at all, cyclic fluctuations of the economy cause cyclic fluctuations of tax revenues and of some types of government spending, altering the deficit situation these are not considered to be policy changes. Therefore, for purposes of the above definitions, government spending and tax revenue are normally replaced by circularly adjusted government spending and cyclically adjusted tax revenue. Thus, for example, a government budget that is balanced over the course of the business cycle is considered to represent a neutral fiscal policy stance. 1. Methods of fundingGovernments spend money on a wide variety of things, from the military and police to services like education and healthcare, as well as transfer payments such as welfare benefits. This expenditure can be funded in a number of different ways TaxationSeignior age, the benefit from printing moneyBorrowing money from the population or from abroadConsumption of fiscal reservesSale of fixed assets (e.g., land)2. BorrowingA fiscal deficit is often funded by issuing bonds, like treasury bills or consols and gilt-edged securities. These pay interest, either for a fixed period or indefinitely. If the interest and capital requirements are too large, a nation may default on its debts, usually to foreign creditors. Public debt or adoption refers to the government borrowing from the public. 3. Consuming prior surplusesA fiscal surplus is often saved for future use, and may be invested in either local currency or any financial instrument that may be traded later once resources are needed notice, additional debt is not needed. For this to happen, the marginal propensity to sav e needs to be strictly positive. Economic effects of fiscal policyGovernments use fiscal policy to influence the level of aggregate demand in the economy, in an effort to achieve economic objectives of price stability, full employment, and economic growth. Keynesian economics suggests that increasing government spending and decreasing tax rates are the best ways to stimulate aggregate demand, and decreasing spending increasing taxes after the economic boom begins. Keynesians argue this method be used in times of recession or low economic activity as an essential tool for building the framework for strong economic growth and functional towards full employment. In theory, the resulting deficits would be paid for by an expanded economy during the boom that would follow this was the reasoning behind the New Deal.Governments can use a budget surplus to do two things to slow the pace of strong economic growth, and to stabilize prices when inflation is too high. Keynesian theory posits t hat removing spending from the economy will reduce levels of aggregate demand and contract the economy, thus stabilizing prices.But economists still debate the effectiveness of fiscal stimulus. The argument mostly centers on crowding out whether government borrowing leads to higher interest rates that may offset the simulative impact of spending. When the government runs a budget deficit, funds will need to come from public borrowing (the issue of government bonds), overseas borrowing, or monetizing the debt. When governments fund a deficit with the issuing of government bonds, interest rates can increase across the market, because government borrowing creates higher demand for credit in the financial markets. This causes a lower aggregate demand for goods and services, distant to the objective of a fiscal stimulus. Neoclassical economists generally emphasize crowding out while Keynesians argue that fiscal policy can still be effective especially in a liquidity trap where, they arg ue, crowding out is minimal. 9. What are the Functions of Fiscal Policy?AllocationThe first major function of fiscal policy is to determine exactly how funds will be divvy upd. This is closely related to the issues of taxation andspending, because the allocation of funds depends upon the collection of taxes and the government using that revenue for specific purposes. The national budget determines how funds are allocated. This means that a specific amount of funds is set aside for purposes specifically set(p) out by the government. This has a direct economic impact on the country. DistributionWhereas allocation determines how much will be set aside and for what purpose, the distribution function of fiscal policy is to determine more specifically how those funds will be distributed throughout each segment of the economy. For instance, the government might allocate $1 one million million toward social welfare programs, but $100 million could be distributed to food stamp programs, wh ile another $250 million is distributed among low-cost lodgment authority agencies. Distribution provides the specific explanation of what allocation was intended for in the first place. StabilizationStabilization is another important function of fiscal policy in that the purpose of budgeting is to provide stable economic growth. Without some restraints on spending, the economic growth of the nation could become unstable, resulting in periods of unrestrained growth and contraction. While many might frown upon governmental restraint of growth, the stock market crash of 1929 made it clear that unfettered growth could have serious consequences. The cyclical nature of the market means that unrestrained growth cannot continue for an indefinite period. When growth periods end, they are followed by contraction in the form of recessions or extended recessions known as depressions. Fiscal policy is designed to anticipate and mitigate the effects of such economic lulls.DevelopmentThe fourth major function of fiscal policy is that of development. Development seems to indicate economic growth, and that is, in fact, its overall purpose. However, fiscal policy is far more complicated than determining how much the government will tax citizens one year and then determining how that money will be spent. True economic growth occurs when various projects are financed and carried out using borrowed funds. Thisstems from the the belief that the private sector cannot grow the economy by itself. Instead, some government input and influence are needed. Borrowing funds for this economic growth is one way in which the government brings about development. This economic model developed by John Maynard Keynes has been adopted in various forms since the World War II era.10. What is the Fiscal Policy in the Philippines?Fiscal policy refers to the measures employed by governments to stabilize the economy, specifically by manipulating the levels and allocations of taxes and government expen ditures. Fiscal measures are oftentimes used in tandem with monetary policy to achieve certain goals. In the Philippines, this is characterized by continuous and increasing levels of debt and budget deficits, though there have been improvements in the last few years.The Philippine governments main sources of revenue are taxes, with some non-tax revenue also being collected. To finance fiscal deficit and debt, the Philippines rely on both domestic and external sources.Fiscal policy during the Marcos ecesis was primarily focused on indirect tax collection and on government spending on economic services and infrastructure development. The administration inherited a large fiscal deficit from the previous administration, but managed to reduce fiscal imbalance and improve tax collection through the introduction of the 1986 Tax Reform Program and the value added tax. The Ramos experienced budget surpluses due to substantial gains from the massive sale of government assets and strong fore ign investment in its early years. However, the implementation of the 1997 Comprehensive Tax Reform Program and the outpouring of the Asiatic financial crisis resulted to a deteriorating fiscal position in the succeeding years and administrations. The Estrada administration faced a large fiscal deficit due to the decrease in tax effort and the repayment of the Ramos administrations debt to contractors and suppliers. During the Arroyo administration, the Expanded Value Added Tax Law was enacted, national debt-to-GDP ratio peaked, and under spending on public infrastructure and other capital expenditures was observed. History of Philippine Fiscal PolicyMarcos Administration (1981-1985)The tax system under the Marcos administration was generally regressive as it was heavily dependent on indirect. Indirect taxes and international trade taxes accounted for about 35% of total tax revenue, while direct taxes only accounted for 25%. Government expenditure for economic services peaked dur ing this period, focusing mainly on infrastructure development, with about 33% of the budget spent on capital outlays. In response to the higher global interest rates and to the depreciation of the peso, the government became increasingly reliant on domestic financing to finance fiscal deficit. The government also started liberalizing tariff policy during this period by enacting the initial Tariff Reform Program, which narrowed the tariff structure from a range of 100%-0% to 50%-10%, and the Import Liberalization Program, which aimed at reducing or eliminating tariffs and realigning indirect taxes. Aquino Administration (1986-1992)Faced with problems inherited from the previous administration, the most important of which being the large fiscal deficit heightened by the low tax effort due to a weak tax system, Aquino enacted the 1986 Tax Reform Program (TRP). The aim of the TRP was to simplify the tax system, make revenues more responsive to economic activity, promote horizontal equi ty and promote growth by correcting existing taxes that impaired business incentives. One of the major reforms enacted under the program was the introduction of the Value Added Tax (VAT), which was set at 10%. The 1986 tax reform program resulted in reduced fiscal imbalance and higher tax effort in the succeeding years, peaking in 1997, before the enactment of the 1997 Comprehensive Tax Reform Program (CTRP). The conduct of non-tax revenues during this period soared due to the sale of sequestered assets of President Marcos and his cronies (totalling to about 20 billion), the initial efforts to deregulate the oil industry and thrust towards the privatization of state enterprises. Public debt service and interest payments as a percent of the budget peaked during this period as government focused on making up for the debt incurred by the Marcos administration. another(prenominal) important reform enacted during the Aquino administration was the passage of the 1991 Local Government Co de which enabled fiscal decentralization. This increased thetaxing and spending powers to local governments in effect increasing local government resources. Ramos Administration (1993-1998)The Ramos administration had budget surpluses for four of its six years in power. The government benefited from the massive sale of government assets (totalling to about 70 billion, the biggest among the administrations) and continued to benefit from the 1986 TRP. The administration invested heavily on the power sector as the country was beset by power outages. The government utilized its essential powers to fast-track the construction of power projects and established contracts with independent power plants. This period also experienced a real estate boom and strong foreign direct investment to the country during the early years of the administration, in effect overvaluing the peso. However, with the onset of the Asian financial crisis, the peso depreciated by almost 40%. The Ramos administratio n relied heavily on external borrowing to finance its fiscal deficit but quickly switched to domestic dependence on the onset of the Asian financial crisis. The administration has been accused of resorting to budget trickery during the crisis balancing assets through the sales of assets, building up accounts payable and delaying payment of government premium to social security holders. In 1997, the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program (CTRP) was enacted. Republic Act (RA) 8184 and RA 8240, which were implemented under the program, were estimated to yield additional taxes of around 7.4 billion however, a tumble in tax effort during the succeeding periods was observed after the CTRP was implemented. This was attributed to the unfavorable economic climate created by the Asian fiscal crisis and the poor implementation of the provisions of the reform. A sharp decrease in international trade tax contribution to GDP was also observed as a consequence of the trade liberalization and globalizat ion efforts in the 1990s, more prominently, the establishment of the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) and membership to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The Ramos administration also provided additional incentives to export-oriented firms, the most prominent among these being RA 7227 which was instrumental to the success of the Subic Bay Freeport Zone. Estrada Administration (1999-2000)President Estrada, who assumed office at the height of the Asian financial crisis, faced a large fiscal deficit, which was mainly attributed to the sharp deterioration in the tax effort (as a result of the 1997 CTRP increased tax incentives, narrowing of VAT base and lowering of tariff walls) and higher interest payments given the sharp depreciation of the peso during the crisis. The administration also had to pay P60 billion worth of accounts payables left unpaid by the Ramos administration to contractors and suppliers. Public spending focused on s ocial services, with spending on basic education ambit its peak. To finance the fiscal deficit, Estrada created a balance between domestic and foreign borrowing. Arroyo Administration (2002-2009)The Arroyo administrations poor fiscal position was attributed to weakening tax effort (still resulting from the 1997 CTRP) and rising debt servicing costs (due to peso depreciation). Large fiscal deficits and heavy losses for monitored government corporations were observed during this period. National debt-to-GDP ratio reached an all-time high during the Arroyo administration, averaging at 69.2%. Investment in public infrastructure (at only 1.9% of GDP), expenditure for economic services, health spending and education spending all hit an historic-low during the Arroyo administration. The government responded to its poor fiscal position by under-spending in public infrastructure and social overhead capital (education and health care), thus sacrificing the economys long-run growth. In 2005, RA 9337 was enacted, the most significant amendments of which were the removal of electricity and petroleum VAT exemptions and the increase in the VAT rate from 10% to 12%.

Best Practices of Successful Principals Essay Example for Free

Best Practices of Successful Principals EssayThe following paper will highlight heavy skills that argon ingestd in the develop fountainheads in order to make improvements in aim systems that ensure schoolman achievements in the students. Introduction One of the approximately important US laws that stir inclined most importance to education is the No Child Left Behind Act that was presented in 2001 and it has been regarded as the most comprehensive legislation that addresses the commands of students and demands utmost(prenominal) responsibility from the teachers and principals of informs. The aim of this law has been to increase the analytical skills in children on with an increase in the tr shutdown of function in teachers and principals of the schools. Accountability in this subject is important as there will be a realization among the teachers and principals that there ar laws that test the level of performance exhibited by them in affinity to the wagererment of education levels in the children (Harris, 2005, p. 12). It has been realized that most important roles in the success of schools be played by the school principals.In relation to accountability and an increase in the educational standards of the students, it has been realized that studies ar needed in order to find a link between the principal-ship and students educational standards. This has been regarded as a complex procedure. A study has indicated that principal-ship does non have some(prenominal) direct effects on the educational levels and levels of achievements of the students but indirect effects have been seen when school climates argon made more influential and positive by the principals (Sapp, 2000, p. 34).More research carried out on the effects of leadership principles followed by the school principals indicates that principal leadership directly affects the students and school supply in a positive or a negative way. In addition to this it has been argued that the leadership principles that are undertaken by the principals have a direct relationship with achievement levels of the students. An important fact that needs to be added here is that teachers instructional level and leadership level is much more effective on the achievement level of students that makes the effect of principal leadership secondary.In many studies , superior schools with successful leadership based principal-ship have been highlighted that have developed strategies that are important in the development of family and supportive purlieu within the schools that is more conducive for learning. With this it is seen principals of successful and leading schools also management on strategies that back tooth develop check curriculum. Increased expectations and demands are being faced by the school principals as the trend towards accountability increases (Gootman, 2008, p. 23). Skills of Successful nurture PrincipalsFive key practices in principals have been identified by the studies that can athletic supporter in increasing the achievement levels of students by incorporating skills of leadership that can help in making them better leaders of tomorrow. 1. Making Decisions Based On Data Principals these days are more aware of the accountability that has been implicated on them with the NCLB act. Thereby actions are being taken that can show increased improvement in educational standards of the students. These actions and strategies are thereby based on the entropy that these principals collect from time to time from the teachers.This data reflects grades, test structures, teachers contributions, and response and interest levels of the students. This data is then analyzed for improvement in educational standards in students and if the instructional strategies are helping the children in achieving their educational goals. Thereby from here it can be seen that the principals were being more logical and rationale in decisions making ignoring any gu t feelings and intuitions thereby exhibiting leadership skills (Crum, and Sherman, and Myran, 2009, p.51). 2. Relationship With The Staff In order to implement the leadership skills and see the changes in educational systems principals need to build an milieu of trust among the staff in order to maintain a competitive environment in the school. In some studies it has been realized by the principals that treat their staff and school teachers in a compassionate manner can help in implementing the required changes in schools (Boynton, and Boynton, 2007, p. 34). 3. Balancing Ownership And CooperationOne of the most important leadership based skills needed in the principals facing challenging conditions of accountability implys the art of balancing cooperation with the staff. This cooperation helps the principals in planning changes and schema implementation with the staff and teachers in order to ask better changes by including advices from staff of every grade and every educational master. This cooperation can help in a large scale implementation of pragmatic strategies.It has been seen that the principals who take their responsibilities as a mark to experienceing the school produce schools that are not very well known and neither are they able to gain the trust of students refers. The staff working for such principal is not cooperative with the students and there is a lack of interest in the teachers in instructing their students in ways that can increase analytical skills with an improvement in academic achievements (Crum, Sherman, and Myran, 2009, p. 54). 4. Leadership Development And RecognitionPrincipals of the schools are required to develop strategies that can help in developing leadership skills in the teachers. Thereby there is a need that the teachers develop individual leadership capacities in order to bring required changes in the schools in multi-dimensional ways. Principals are required to change the environment of schools in a way that can h elp teachers develop strategies themselves and on their own to implement better changes. Principals should ask the teachers if they feel the need of changes in different areas of the schools.Thereby the strategies developed by the principals can help teachers in exploring their leadership capabilities (Blank, and Kershaw, 2008, p. 40). 5. instructional Involvement And Awareness Of Needed Changes Involvement has been regarded as the most important strategy required by the school principals. It has been argued that the principals are in a need to keep their involvement in the activities that occur inside the classrooms in order to see through the major kinds of changes that are required.On the other hand these kinds of involvements are also important in analyzing the interest of students in their studies which is very much influenced by the level of interest that the teacher shows. Thereby here an important heyday that needs to be understood by the principals is that they need to de tain involved in the school activities in an intimate manner (Crum, Sherman, and Myran, 2009, p. 57). Critical Analysis of My naturalizes Principal The school where I am currently employed is a high school. Based on experiences teaching in this school, academic fulfillment is not being achieved by the students at the required levels.These are not reflecting a good impression on the federal level authorities that bemuse the accountability of different schools in different states. Thereby based on my observations following are some of the critical drawbacks in the leadership of the principal that are not letting the school achieve the level of a better school neither are the students showing any academic achievements. High schools require special attention as students studying in the high schools are the ones that are preparing themselves to leap in the practical life, where they enter colleges and high schools.Thereby I consider high school as the center where leaders are built as school environments polish the skills that they have by giving them the opportunities to maunder and communicate their problems with the teachers, school staff and their parents. In order to bring up leaders of the future starting from the high schools, there is a need that environment of the school is conducive enough for proper academic achievements and skill development in students that can help them in gaining more than just education (Harris, 2005, p.56). 1. pretermit Of Principals Interest One of the main reasons of the school not performing at its level best is the lack of interest from the principal. It is seen that activities within the grammatical construction do not interest the principal and only the school admin is held responsible for the management of activities. There is a need of the interest from the higher authorities in order to make better changes in teaching strategies and two-timing(a) activities that take place inside the schools.Increased interest of th e principal is needed in the psychoanalysis of academic achievements of the students, the issues and problems that they face, and in analyzing the strategies that are adopted by the teachers in order to communicate the course to the students. 2. Lack Of Communication With The Staff As there are no activities that share common interest with the principal thereby there is a complete lack of communication between the staff and the principal. Staff includes teachers, plump for instructors, playgroup teachers and administration.In order to be aware of the changes that are needed in the school, there is a need to increase levels of communication with the school staff. An important imply that is not being realized at the principals end is that constant communication with the staff, especially the teachers is needed in order to gain an appreciation into the level of education that is being provided to the children in the classrooms. Some changes, minor or major, are thought to be brough t about by the teachers in schools.Teachers are the ones who remain in direct contact with the classrooms, students, other school staff and most importantly the parents. Thereby any issues that are being faced at the students end are more visible when they are communicated by their parents. Thus the source of changes is the parents and teachers. Thereby if there is no communication with the teachers there is no possibility of creating better changes in the school environment that can help to solve students issues. 3. Lack Of Communication With The StudentsDeficiencies of principals interest towards the activities that take place inside the school have also caused a complete lack of communication of the principal with the students. Thereby the main issues being faced include a lack of sentiency of the principal towards the issues being faced by the students in case of their educational achievements. Thereby there is no data collection in relation to the educational achievement of th e students based on the teaching strategies designed and implemented by the teachers themselves.In order to improve the educational achievements of the students there is a need at the end of higher authorities that the data collection takes place that can give an insight into the required changes in teaching and instructional strategies. Certain redress of problems are daily faced by the students within the school building and these issues and problems are mainly concerned with the kind of environment that is being provided to the students in the schools.These include the set of extracurricular activities that are offered in the schools along with the frequency with which they are offered. It is a well-known fact that there is a direct relationship with the extracurricular activities being offered at the schools and academic achievements of the student. Thereby there is a need to take these facts into mind in order to implement the changes that can provide better environment to the students that can directly enhance their learning experiences and academic achievements.Students are generally afraid of communicating with the principals as general stick out of the principal in almost all schools is that of someone who only knows how to ring parents telling them about the mischievous acts of their child, about the failing grades of their child in studies, and someone who knows how to make these students bear out the expulsion letter. These images are associated with a lack of communication of the principal with the students that creates an even increasing amount of fear in the students as is the case in my school.It has been mentioned that there is no communication on an engaging level by the principal that has created such an image in students minds. In order to negate such an image from the students minds it is required that the level of communication is increased with the students, increased participation is shown in the activities that are related with acad emic achievements in the students along with the development of analytical skills thereby students feel easy and confident in sharing their issues with the principals.It is to be realized that provision of table tennis tables, basketball courts and better looking classrooms are not the factors to better academic achievements but there is a need to incorporate confidence in these students so they feel free to share the issues that they face in the schools along with the many problems that are a hurdle for them in performing at their level best in academics. 4. Data GatheringAn important strategy to make changes in the school is by being aware of the success rates achieved by the students and indirectly by the teachers. Students showing higher academic achievements is declarative mood of the fact that the teachers are working hard and talent and skills are being incorporated in the students. Thereby there is a need that data in relation to the student test scores, grades, classroom p erformance, extracurricular activities performance and final assessment performances is collected.This data can be helpful in many ways. It has been seen that the data itself is a refection of the leadership skills and analytical skills that a student has and of the levels of analytical skills incorporated in the students by the teachers and school environment. Moreover any subject based weaknesses that are being faced by the students are in open that can reflect any possible lack of interest from the instructors side, the parents side or need of developing skills to learn better in students.The data can be a reflection to the need of changing the course curriculum, changes in the class time period, changes in the instructional strategies, changes in communication patterns with the students, changes in communication strategies with the parents and changes in way students study and learn in order to enhance productivity. Conclusion No Child Left Behind Act attempts to hold the schoo l principals accountable for students show lesser academic achievements with no improvements in the analytical skills.Studies have been conducted that show that leadership skills in the principals can play important roles in success of schools and in the improvement in academic achievements of students. It is realized that the interest and the level of cooperation being shown by the principal in what goes on inside the classrooms and outside the classrooms, plays an important role in the success of schools, along with having an impact on the interest level of the teachers in changing their instructional strategies. Some of the most important factors include increased cooperation with the students, staff of the school and most importantly the students.Students are the stakeholders of the educational institutions and any issues and problems in the management of the school directly effects the students thereby in order to bring fruitful changes in the management, students are to be inc luded and consulted in any important decision making process. Confidence of the students in the management and principal has to be high as this increases the trust of the students that can help them in sharing the issues that they face in schools. References Blank, A. M. , and Kershaw, A. C. (2008). Mentoring as collaboration lessons from the field for classroom, school, and district leaders.Corwin Press. Boynton, M. , and Boynton, C. (2007). The educators guide to assessing and improving school refine programs. ASCD. Crum, S. K. , Sherman, H. W. , and Myran, S. (2009). Best practices of successful elementary school leaders. Journal of Educational Administration 48 pp. 48 63. Gootman, E. M. (2008). The caring teachers guide to discipline helping students learn self-control, responsibility, and respect, K-6. pas seul 3. Corwin Press. Harris, S. (2005). Best practices of award-winning elementary school principals. Corwin Press. Sapp, E. S. (2000). Guide to best practices for new sc hool administrators. Scarecrow Press.

Impacts of Sun Damage and Benefits of Sunscreen

Impacts of Sun Damage and Benefits of sunscreenAbstractSun damage is a cumulative process, meaning that every moment of exposure has a long-term impact. Overexposure to the suns harmful ultraviolet light (UV) radiation can cause burns, diseases, and malignant neoplastic diseases-substantially contributing to mortality rates in fair- scratchned populations. The severity of scrape up cancer is real on that point atomic number 18 more new cases of cutis cancer than the combined figures for lung, breast, prostate, and colon cancers each year (Bell, 97). Helping to entertain against sunburn and hide cancer, sunscreen is a topical output that absorbs or mulls the suns UV light. This article will address the global impact of sunscreens, while focusing on the scientific/engineering principles of the sun-c be product and its personal effects. It will review some of the recent advances in photoprotection, including the development of broad-spectrum sunscreen and the sun protection fac tor. Although sunscreens have been around for over 70 years, its health applications be still being explored.Author BiographyHieu Nguyen is a junior studying Electrical Engineering at the University of Southern California. After receiving his B.S. degree, he hopes to continue his information in graduate school-in pursuit of a challenging engineering c arer. From Hawaii, he enjoys riding the oceans waves and basking in sunny, tropical climate.Keywords sunscreen, sun shut down, ultraviolet, radiation, sunburnRubbing It In Modern sun-protection installationOur sun-the most powerful entity in our corner of the universe-is dangerous. Just about everyone comes into contact with its rays every day. Whether youre outside walking your dog or in a sports compass watching a 3-hour college football game, your skin is at risk. It is well-known that solar radiation is harmful youve probably taken a few precautions in the ult to protect yourself from the suns intensity by wearing brimmed hats, polarized sunglasses, or high-SPF sunscreens (Figure 2). For many, lathering on sunscreen lotion may seem like a chore. But what exactly are you applying liberally to your body? How much protection does sunscreen really have to offer against sunburn and skin cancer, and how long will these safeguards last? The answers to these questions can be understood when you consider the scientific/engineering aspects behind the $1.9 billion industry skin-care product Sunscreen.A Harmful SunNatural sunlight contains, among opposite things, ultraviolet photon particles of light. These photons are shorter in wavelength and have a much higher energy than visible light, giving it the cogency to directly cause DNA damage in skin cellphones. Ultraviolet radiation is broken down into the following three types of wavelengthsUltraviolet, Type A (UVA)Ultraviolet, Type C (UVC)UVC (wavelength 100-280 nm) rays are completely absorbed by the atmosphere and never reach us on the Earths surface. The UV ra ys that we are loose to consist of UVB (280-315 nm) and UVA (315-400 nm) photons. The shorter wavelength UVB rays cause significant damage to DNA and are the autochthonic cause of sunburn and skin cancer. The longer wavelength UVA rays cause tanning and penetrate the deeper layers of skin. Because UV light falls outside of the visible spectrum (400-700 nm), the human eye cannot descry them. Humans are also unable to feel UV radiation, and hence, your body has no mechanism to warn itself against overexposure.The Suns Effects on Our SkinOur skin is extremely susceptible to critical damage from the suns ultraviolet rays. Any exposure to UVA or UVB light can alter or damage the skin. Without protection, long-term exposure to inbred sunlight inflicts the skin cells, causing them to tan, burn, and peel.Although a suntan is often considered an emblem of good health, tanning for its own sake has no health benefit and is really a health hazard (MacNeal). Tanning is your skins defense mechanism against the sun, and any change to your natural skin color is a sign of skin damage. When exposed to moderate levels of radiation, a chemical reaction in your skins cell trunk occurs. Your skin protects its complex structure of sensitive cells by producing a brownish pigment, melanin, which absorbs and reflects UV rays, dissipating the energy as harm little heat. This is one of the reasons you heat up in the sun. Special pigment-producing cells called melanocytes (depicted in Figure 3) manufacture color capsules and send them to the surface of your skin, thus acquiring a tanned color.Dark-skinned people tan quicker because they already have more melanin in their skin. Fair-skinned people burn easier because they have less melanin in their skin to protect against the burning rays of the sun (Kuhta, 6). Although tanning triggers your bodys manufacture of melanin, this process takes time-days to weeks-for your body to build up its supply, and if you are in the sun for an le ngthy period of time, burning may occur.As anyone who has had sunburn knows, this localized skin injury leaves your skin red and extremely painful. When you get sunburn, what you are really acquiring is cellular damage caused by overexposure to the suns ultraviolet rays. When you bind out too long, you get burned and your skin gets shamed. To attempt to cool the heated skin area, your crinkle flow increases. The body sends blood to the surface of the skin so that it can be cooled by evaporation and returned to cool the organs-similar to the way a car radiator system puddles. Sometimes so much blood is pumped to the surface of the skin that it pushes right through the thin walls of your blood vessels to permeate the other tissues and your skin takes on a reddish color. Your skins immune system then releases chemicals like histamine and serotonin, which trigger innervation and additional chemical production. And within twelve hours, skin cells begin to die, and inflammation turns the skin a darker red (Readers Digest).Peeling after sunburn is your bodys way of getting rid of damaged cells. This abrupt acceleration of the natural cycle of cell replacement causes gobs of dry skin to curl up and flake off (as shown in Figure 4). This process is necessary because the damaged skin cells are at risk of losing control and becoming cancerous. Due to this danger, all damaged cells are instructed to commit cell-suicide. This mass suicide of skin cells results in whole layers of damaged skin peeling off, to be replaced by other cells underneath those layers. Sometimes, the repair mechanisms themselves may be damaged by the UV rays, which prevent the cells from committing suicide in the future and allowing cancerous cells to replicate.Cancer RisksSkin cancer, the uncontrolled growth of skin cells, is the most common cancer in the world today, and the number of cases worldwide is outgrowth each year. This year alone, over 1.3 million Americans will be diagnosed with sk in cancer, and one of every five Americans will be afflicted with skin cancer at least once during their lifetime (Bell, 97).Repeated exposure to UV rays can cause cancerous mutations such as malignant melanoma, the coldliest form of skin cancer. Some parent cells replicate through cell division repeatedly and the inordinate mass they produce is called a tumor. Once started, tumors keep growing in an irregular, shapeless way (Kuhta, 30). Melanoma is a skin tumor that develops in the melanocytes- pigment producing cells in the skin-and has a very high tendency to spread to other parts of the body. A study at the Anerson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas concluded that about one in 105 Americans will develop melanoma, and 20 percent of them will die from it (T. Adler). Interestingly, malignant melanoma has been found more frequently in sunscreen users than in non-users in some studies. This is because some sunscreens block the natural warnings and adaptations mediated by UVB, but allow damage from UVA to go unchecked. By preventing the pain and redness of sunburn, sunscreen may enable people to stay longer in skin-scorching sunlight, putting them at higher risk for developing melanoma.Prevention How Sunscreen WorksSunscreens with broad-spectrum protection are most effective to protect against sunburn and skin cancer. Many of the sunscreens available in the U.S. today combine several different active chemical sunscreen ingredients in order to allow broad-spectrum protection, which block both UVA and UVB rays. Sunscreens arrive at by absorbing the UV radiation in the chemical bonds of their ingredients. Different brands of sunscreen contain different combinations of active ingredients that work together to minimize the impact of harmful rays of light from the sun. Some of these ingredients will deflect the UV light while others will absorb it.Most sunscreens work by containing either an organic chemical compound that absorbs ultraviolet light (such as oxybenzone) or an opaque material that reflects light (such as zinc oxide), or a combination of both. This general structure of the principal ingredients allows the molecules to absorb high-energy ultraviolet rays and release the energy as lower-energy rays, thereby preventing the skin-damaging radiation from reaching the skin (Zenitech, 46). Like a screen door, sunscreen filters the light from the sun so that less of it reaches the deeper layers of your skin. The principal ingredients in sunscreens are usually aromatic molecules conjugated with carbonyl groups, which prevent significant chemical change and allow the ingredients to retain their UV-absorbing potency without significant photo-degradation (Zenitech, 48).As its ingredients absorb UV energy, sunscreens begin to deteriorate and lose effectiveness. Sunscreen must be applied early enough before sun exposure to bind to the skin. In order to be effective in preventing skin cancer and sunburn, sunscreen must be reapplied every two hours regardless of their assigned SPF (PrincetonOL). Sunblock, on the other hand, remains on the surface of the skin to reflect the UV radiation. Its sunblock agents-titanium oxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) -reflect the light away so that it doesnt reach the skin at all. Since they do not need time to bind to the skin, they are very effective in blocking all types of UV immediately upon application. However, because they remain on the surface, they are subject to removal by perspiration and crash from towels, clothing, or usual daily activities.The term SPF that appears on sunscreen labels stands for Sun Protection Factor, and is a worldwide standard for measuring the effectiveness of a sunscreens ability to prevent UVB radiation from damaging the skin. The higher the SPF, the more protection a sunscreen will provide against UVB radiation and sunburn. For example, if it takes 20 minutes for your unprotected skin to start turning red, using an SPF 15 sunscreen theoretically prevents r eddening 15 times longer-about five hours. SPF 15 blocks 93% of all incoming UVB rays, SPF 30 blocks 97% and SPF 50 blocks 99% (The Skin Cancer Foundation). As you can see, no sunscreen can block all UV rays.Because the SPF only accounts for UVB rays, certain sunscreens may not protect against UVA rays which are known to cause photoaging, wrinkles, brownspots, and melanoma. This curtailed protection is why protecting against sunburn does not necessarily protect against skin cancer. To deliver true(p) broad-spectrum protection, products must also protect against UVA radiation in addition to UVB radiation.ConclusionDespite its dangers to skin cells, the sun is an important ally when it comes to good health. Optimal somatic and mental wellbeing requires some exposure to the sun. Ultraviolet light enables the body to produce Vitamin D, a vital substance that works against the formation of tumors and aids in the absorption of calcium. Some scientists have suggested that short periods o f unprotected sun exposure are beneficial, as they will enhance the bodys Vitamin-D-production capabilities (Kuhta, 40). Not only does sunlight modulate our physical defenses against disease, but it also enhances our mental/emotional defenses against depression and fatigue. Bell Labs, Inc. has demonstrated sunlight to be a significant factor in maintaining a healthy mood and energy level (Bell, 101).The scientific/engineering aspects of sunscreen illustrate an impactful solution on a global scale, prolonging the lives of many by rejuvenating dead skin cells to deter skin cancer development. Utilizing chemical properties, sunscreen protects the skin by absorbing harmful UV radiation, effectively screening out the suns rays. And with new, rising sun-care technologies such as the Sun Pill, a convenient daily-dose tablet that has been developed to offer medicinal protection from the sun, we can minimize the suns harmful effects easily. By practicing routine skin protection, one can ai m for a healthy level of sun exposure. Because like most things in life, sunlight is best enjoyed in moderation.

The Role Of Managers In Staff Training Management Essay

The Role Of Managers In Staff prep counselling EssayThis paper explores how the brass instrument benefited by study cognitive process. The persona of this paper is to assess the benefits for the education and teaching in Retail organization. One of the most consequential resources of retail is their faculty. In order to provide satis situationory religious service to their customer and able to flavor the future challenges, the staff should be in possession of proper skills which atomic number 18 continually develop.( Gower handbook,1991). It likewise outlines the special issue which identifies tuitions in the field of culture for employees, recruitment, their transition to work, and their continuous reading. question objectivesThe research is focused on prep are and development on Marks and spencer with a view to wider application to other retailer in the country.Its objectives are to-Critically take in nurture gets in retail organization-Examine the agency o f managers in staff training and development-Examine approaches to training and development in the United Kingdom. a priori perspective relevant to the topics much(prenominal) as motivationIdentify the approaches which could be adopt and make recommendations.Research MethodsThe research methodology leave seek the answers to these questions as well as evidence as to which training compulsions absorb priority and which approach are most stiff and relevant to the organization. The argument to be developed in this dissertation is that the most cost effective and culturally acceptable approach will be to identify training as an subjective part of all manager roles and show how this might be implemented.The following are the types of research design that could be used-Research reviews-Qualitative research-Analysis of existing records-Ad hoc adjudicate survey and regular surveys-Case study-longitudinal studies-ExperimentalLiterature ReviewIn order to explain the importance of trai ning and development in an organisation the chapter is begin with the taradiddle of the subject, describe and discuses its definitions and benefits. It considers some model of training and development and some organisation of UK are using some of the models.History of training and developmentHuman resources are considered by many an(prenominal) to be the most strategic as hardened of an organization. Until now really few employers are able to exploit the full potential from their employees.(Jeff downwind,2005) strategic human resource management (SHRM) is concerned with the contri only ifions which human resource strategies can make to achieve organizational effectiveness and the ways to achieve those contributions (Jeff E Lee D, 2005). Strategic human resource development is the most current form of training and development where training and learning are strategically integrated vertically with organisational goals and horizontally to other HR activities (Millmore, Lewis, S aunders, thornhill and morrow 2007)Training and development can be identified as a planned process to improve the human mental object by modifying their skills, comeledge and attitudes. More recently the training and development bound has been replaced by the depot HRD (human resource development) which mainly focus on item-by-item and organisational learning. The opinionated approach training is described by as a cycle of four activities identify of HRD needs, plan and design HRD interventions to sustain those indentify needs, implement the HRD interventions and ultimately appreciate the outcomes.( Millmore, Lewis, Saunders, thornhill and morrow 2007).This approach will be briefly discuss later part of the report. fit in to McCracken and Wallace, (2000) Strategic human resource development is a creation of a learning culture in which a range of training, development and learning strategies both respond to corporeal dodging and abet to shape and influence it. ground on the Garavans (1991) work, they redefined the nine key characteristic of SHRD practice. In their work they present SHRD as very strategically mature and compare with HRD and training where strategic due date is absence.(Millmore, Lewis, Saunders, thornhill and morrow 2007)Key SHRD characteristicsIntegration with organisational missions and goals.Top management support.Environmental scanning.HRD plans and policies.Line manager commitment and involvement.Existence of complementary HRM activities.Expanded flight simulator role.Recognition of culture.Emphasis on evaluationSource McCracken and Wallace (2000)Garavan(1995) state that many trainers find the tern SHRM difficult to accept, while they prefer the more softer term employee development or training and development. According to him HRD term is nowa eld widely acceptable which means the planned learning and development of battalion as individual or assembly to benefit the organisation. McCracken and Wallace, (2000) state that, H RD is viewed as a strategic lever in organisations which helping the business to implement its business strategies. In their work they use the concept of training where they describe the train of sophistication which the organisation has with regard to training which helps to shape and formulate corporate dodge. McCracken and Wallace, (2000) suggested that the strategic HRD should shape and influence the organisational mission and goals.McCracken and Wallace, (2000) noted that SHRD should have a a lot more proactive and influential role which leads to a new model of SHRD which disguises the differences amidst Training which has a reactive and ad hoc implementation role in relation to corporate strategy. Organisation is very immature in wrong of HRD and has no learning culture. Meanwhile HRD has a systematic implementation role which shows signs of corporate strategy. Organisation shows that it is beginning to develop a adulthood in terms of HRD with the presence of nine Gravan (1991) characteristic and learning culture is also developing. Finally SHRD role is working toward shaping and responding to corporate strategy. The organisation has become strategically mature and there is a evidence of improved Garavan (1991) characteristic as well as presence of a strong learning culture (McCracken and Wallace, 2000).A model of SHRD which shows the continuum of HRD strategic maturity is portrayed below adopted from Millmore, Lewis, Saunders, thornhill and morrow 2007 work.HRD characteristicTrainingHRDSHRDHRD strategic maturityOrganisation strategically is not mature in HRD termsOrganisation is strategically is quite mature in HRD termsOrganisation strategically very mature in terms of HRD.1)Integration withOrganisational missionsAnd goals.2) Top managementSupport.3)Environmental scanning4) HRD plan and policies5)Line managerCommitment and involvement.6)Existence of complementary HRM activities7)Expanded trainer role.8) Recognition of culture.9) emphasis on evalua tion. minute integration with organisation missions and goals.2)very limited support.3) Little awareness of environment.4)Ad hoc responses to indentified problem.5)Limited commitment and involvement.6) Little or no horizontal integration of HR activities.7) Lack of expanded trainer role.8) little recognition of culture.9)little emphasis on evaluation.Integration with organisational missions And goals.2)active support3)active environmentalScanning.4)Systematically integrated withOrganisational strategy.5)line managersCommitment and involvement.6)Existence of complementary HRMActivities.7) Expanded trainer role.8)recognition ofCulture.9)emphasis on evaluation.shaping organisationalmissions and goals.2)adopt leadership role to HRD.3)environmental scanningDone by eldermanagement.4)developed with strategy plan and policies.5)strategic partnership with line management.6)strategic partnership with HRM.7)Trainers as organisational change consultants.8)ability to influence corporate culture .9)emphasis on cost effectivenessThere are a number of reasons why training and development becomes an important issue for both organisations and management. All organisations in globe need a successful training platformme to achieve their goal. It is an coronation for any organisation which helps to improve its profitability, reduce its costs, increase the commitment and motivation of its community and release their potential. Training needs vary from one organisation to another and it is important to develop training techniques to meet training goals (www.ictknowledgebase). The Journal of E-learning (2008) stated that the purpose of training is to motivate their employees, to help their potential and develop them better with the current changing business environment of e-learning.The pace of change is increasing and it its really important for employer to keep up to date their employees. Skills gained yesterday are no longer appropriate for today. The combination of recessions , globalisation and changing technology has changed our live. Most of todays agate lines demand multi skill. The days of needing one skill has replaced by the multi-skilled. Employees also need to prove their commitment to their job by developing own skills to maintain their marketability (Tony pont, 2003).The attitude of employers to training is also changing. Also there are still many employers see training as costly overhead, while many now recognise training is an investment for future.(Tony Pont,2003).According to training and development journal November 2009, A recent Accountemps/Robert Half survey found that in the past year, 26 percent of companies cut their nonrecreational development programs, according to senior executives. At the equal time, 28 percent reported that their companies actually strengthened their training initiatives and 45 percent maintained the alike programming. The survey also indicate that three quarter of organisation increased training level or k ept training expenses at same level. afterward the industrial revolution, development of large organisations and systematic approach to manual work training began. Taylor and gilbreths works contributed to the importance of training by identifying the nature of job. Their research was to steady down the most productive way of carrying out the work. In early 1930s hawthorns experiment in an electric plant in Chicago establish the fact what motivates staff at work place. After doing his research he was able suggest that management need to concern more or less the feelings and needs of employees. (Gower 1991).Defining the termsManpower services commissions glossary of training terms (1981) identifies training as A planned process to modify attitude, knowledge or skill demeanor through learning experience to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. Its purpose, in the work situation, is to develop the abilities of the individual and to fulfil the current and future manpower needs of the organisations. Training does not only benefit the employees it is also beneficial for organisations. Training and development can be achieved by necessary attitude, skill and knowledge which can be affectively gained by a learner who can become more confident about their abilities.Training is about developing people and their skills and helping them to become more confident in their jobs. It is not only necessary to create a skilled workforce but also maintain the high level of skills which is demanded by constantly changing work environment (Reid Barrington, 2007).Training can be done by many different ways such as On-the-job training, informal training, classroom training, internal training courses, external training courses, on-the-job coaching, life-coaching, mentoring, training assignments and tasks, skills training, product training, technical training, conductal development training, role-playing and role-play games and exercises, attitudina l training and development, accredited training and learning (Reid Barrington, 2007).Many different factors influence training responsibilities and roles. There are six major influences on training responsibilities and roles in the organisation such as the environment, goal and tasks, structure, technology and workforce of the organisation, and its political system. The political factors have such influence on the training role culture, commitment, expertise and interactions (Harrison, 1988).It is important for the trainer to identify the contribution of training to the business. They need to be aware of the close relationship between training and profit. Management must see training as an investment, which is needed not only to create a skilled workforce but also maintain the skills demanded by the constantly changing working environment. In order to add values to the business training should comply with the direction of the corporate and business strategy, which also need to help to meet business demand.(Tony pont,2003)According to Harrison, emergence is the all-important process, through which individual and organizational growth can through time achieve their fullest potential. procreation is a major contributor to that development process, because it directly and continuously affects the formation not only of knowledge and abilities, but of character and of culture, aspirations and achievements. Training is the shorter-term, systematic process through which an individual is helped to master defined tasks or areas of skill and knowledge to predetermined standards (Harrison, 1989 cited in Lundy Cowling, 1996).The explanation of differences in definition is that in the past the trainer knew the best and therefore they used to establish training needs for learners, they also set objectives make up a training programme which will help learner to gain higher skills. But todays changing market individual is devolven more responsibilities to take care of the ir learning and development. It is necessary to consider the learners maturity, ain development and motivation.(Kenny and Reid 1986)Training and employee development is become a current trend of todays war-ridden job markets which makes employers more focused on organisational goals. Todays market is very competitive and an organisation has to fight for survival where training whitethorn largely be a matter of continuing to carry out long establishes routine. According to Armstrong (1996), Organisational Structure-Generally goals of an organisations and its substance tasks and level of achievement of there tasks are crucial determinants of an organisations primary training needs. The organisations should therefore have a fundamental influence on determining what training activities, responsibilities and roles are to be performed.According to Harrison(1988), Organisational structure, Organisational technology and the workforce-Organisation need to plan training to improved job per formance. There is a training cycle which is adopted by UK and based on a simple four stages model expressed as follows First identify and specify the training need, then designa training programme, adjoining implement the training and evaluate it. Having defined training strategy it is now necessary to define effective training strategy.Effective training outlineThe term training strategy means that the overall approach chosen to assess training needs and the particular ways in which training will be carried out in the organisation for instance on the job, off the job etc. (Harrison, 1988).According to Mayo(2001)There are two main strategies which can be adopted in organisation total or comprehensive strategy and problem centred strategy. These two strategies are not against of each other. They are simple approaches which are the same in their general principle but might be fit in different situation. The Comprehensive strategy starts with strategy starts with an analysis of the corporate plan. This strategy is relevant for the organisation where the environment is relatively stable. And where longer term training can be developed with an acceptable chance. The problem centred apply in the organization where the environment of the organisation either unpredictable or competitive. Organisation like these needs training to help them deal with their immediate and pressing problems.Models of training and developmentFor the purpose of this dissertation three models will discussed which is using by two UKs retail organisation. The models are the systematic training approach, strategic training and self-importance development approach. The two uks organisations are Marks and Spencer and Tesco.Systematic training approachA system approach to training views the organisation as a complex set of subsystems and expects changes in one subsystem to acquiesce possible need to another. It is organisational approach but it can also help to produce individual or assort plan s such as early retirement training needs, a change in work requirements and learning needs.Armstrong1988 state that organisation need to adopt this approach to be successful and this meansIdentifying the training needs.Defining training objectives which must aim to achieve measurable goals in terms of improvement and changing.Preparing a plan to meet objectives and also the cost related to the whole process.Implementing the plansMonitoring and analysing the resultAnd finally getting the feedback for evaluationWoods (1992)state that, avoid such problems and to provide complete guidelines, the training needs a systematic approach. He presented a the training cycle diagram which begins with developing the needs assessment, goes through training and implementation (identifying training objectives, contents, methods, implementation), and finally evaluating the program.As we are assessing the benefits of training needs and its benefits through organisation Woods training circle helps us to look at the four steps which should be followed by the organisation to gain the effectiveness. The first in the training process is the analysing the needs because every training program effect the work unit and organisation. The close step is identifications of training objectives. Woods (1992) recommended four categories of training goals1. Reaction-based Investigates how employees feel about the issue.2. Learning-acquired. Examines how a trainee obtains knowledge about dealing with differences.3. On-the-job behaviour Analyzes the degree of behaviour change after the training.4. Results-oriented Measures the influence of training in improving technical skills for dealing with diverse people.The third stage in the training cycle is the instauration of the proper training content.The next stage is choosing and implementing the training program using proper methods. According to Harris and West, (1993).The methods of training vary substantially according to the circumstances of the come with. Training can be done either on-the-job or in a place outside the workplace. On-the-job training can be effective when supervisors or trained instructors are involved in the actual work setting, while off-the-job training, including lectures, simulation and case studies, can be done without interrupting the everyday routine. eyepatch traditional methods are still useful, technology-based training using CD-ROM is increasingly in demand.The final stage of the training cycle is evaluation. Milkovich and Boudreau (1991) highlighted that training programs need to stray whether the training is successful in trainees performances in work settings.Strategic training approachRothwell and kazanas 1989 state that the strategic training approach is based on the learners need for the future condition. This model is based on problem finding rather than problem solving. It will help reduce the gap between what the leaners need to know and what they should know.In order to identify the proper utilisation of this model, it is important to consider what needs to be done and what skills and knowledge needed. There is a difference between the skills and knowledge needed and the skills and knowledge currently employees have. Before implementing the plan it is necessary for employers to identify those gaps.The main aims of this approach is to identify training and non training needs.the training may be related to high cost but this cost can be avoid by selecting right training method. The learners need could be do through employee record, informal discussions, observations and interviews.To implementing this approach future learner expected to have the ability to learn, anticipation and motivation. They also require having some background skills and knowledge of strategic cogitateing.This approach aims to reduce cost choice of method is depend on time, skills and available learning material. Training method can be selected from case studies, classroom lecture, r ole playing, group exercise, brain storming etc.Self-development training approachThis model encourages managers to draw up their own self development plan.Reid, Barrington and brown (2004) state that, if managers are operating an environment where learning practice are encouraged, then thy should be focused on their own development without any doubt. But self development should not seen as alternative for the involvement of the managers. It is important for the mangers to show their staff that they take time to develop their own skills and competences. If management can prove staff their role as self developer, it will ensure their staff that self development is not as a responsibility but a benefit.Development is a step forward to a new level of potential where it requires external challenges and right internal perception of challenge. It is a self initiated challenges which need self discipline, creativity and learning. The primary motivation will come from self achievement, self fulfilment while reward and punishment should take as secondary. The self developer should be willing to take their own risk and able to judge where necessary. (Pedler, 1981).Assessing the benefits of an effective training and development strategyAccording to Armstrong (1996), A well-formulated training strategy should be able to influence an individuals Mind, Behaviour, Attitude, Communication, Critical analysis skills, Problem-solving, Interpersonal skills/relationship with peers and management, Working practices, Productivity, Performance, Time management, And motivation towards his/her responsibilities as an employee in an organisation. Those factors are important operationally and tactically, because in any organisation these are important aspects in relation to an organisations well being and successful functioning running, strategists and the top-level management of a company .According to Mayo(2001) Organisation may design and formulate Training Strategies, but it is the t actical and operational managers and their teams who eventually implement and execute those polices and strategies and it is necessary to understand that employees and workers at tactical and operational levels have the right training and development given to them to enable them to successfully forward and reach the organisations aims, goals, and mottos. If the training strategy successfully enhances it will make all employees to give better contributors to the aims and objectives of the organisation, then the successful internal relationship between employees and the management of the organisation should make them a better organisation for their clients/customers and suppliers dealers.(Mayo,2001)There are so many debates going on now a day is training really useful for organisation or its just a waste of money. According to David (2008) training is just a waste of money and time for the organisation as because after giving trained employee a new area company just send them back i n previous work role which is simply waste of time. He argues that before implementing any training programme it has to be well designed and effective which will help people to explore their experience, knowledge, self-awareness. For getting out the most from the training it is important to train people in their regular basic work where they can develop their skills. Before implement any strategy We have to ask ourselves a simple question which will help us to realise, at the end of the day who is the training strategy for, what is it for, and why is it there, what is it meant to accomplish and achieve for an organisation (David, 2008).The researcher learnt from various writers that most of the training and development benefits take long to occur. Most of the managers do not fancy opening up training oppurtunities for young graduates to fear of losing jobs. Most organization think that the planned training is expensive,they would rather have it an ad hoc basis. During the economic r ecession it is usually the training budget that is cut down.A well-designed comprehensive training strategy can bring about advantage to a business and an organisation, then no doubt its employees will be the ones who will be responsible for its realistic implementation from top to bottom, and essentially its relate to the employee development incentive of any organisation. A training strategy cannot be successfully implemented by itself if employees are not developed up to standards that match the corporate scale of the business world at large and also an organisation. Training Strategy should enable the development and growth of its employees and use the potential, competencies, and the abilities that they seize and is inherent within them (www.icmrindia.org).Mullins (2005) distinguishes Groups and teams, and has mentioned that these two terms are often used interchangeably, according to him Teams tend to have more usual understanding between each other collectively, and are mo re closely knit, whereas groups are a number of individuals assigned on a particular task, and the groups usually deconstructs once the task has been achieved, so the clear distinction here is that a team has mutual understanding, where as each person in a group is merely working towards their own individual goals and aspirations without actually showing much concern for the benefit of others in the group. If the training strategy successfully implemented it will improve the relationship between employees and organisation and help them better contribution to their aims and objectives of the organisation.Communication is an important tool for succession of training strategy. The way strategies are discussed, delegated, explained and communicated from the senior directors of a company to their employees, its help to understand both employees and employers each other need which will help them to implement the strategy more perfectly. Investing in and resourcing people developing them to a reasonable level will enable employees to feel valued and respected and cared for by their organisations, and this positive feeling will eventually reflect on their performance, and The training strategy should be benefiting two ways first of all it should up skill the standard of employee competence performance and these achievements should in turn enable employees to execute their organisations Training Strategy more effectively. (www.go2hr)Minimise cost and maximise positive outputs for the organisation should be the main objective of an effective training strategy, so a well devised strategy should take into account everything internal and external of relevance, importance, and matter that will be useful in draw close a good strategy as compared to a not so good one. The training strategy designed should also be of high qualification practical, feasible, and realistic in accordance with the nature of the organisation(www.go2hr). According to Hutchinson(2004) An effectiv e training strategy should be to retain the best people in the organisation, and the Training Strategy should do this by balancing its corporate needs and providing the right level of employee development incentives to their staff, employees are the money maker of any organisation, they provide support and service if they feel that they are not valued by the organisation than the company would not be able to gain their target success, that is why it is extremely important that employees who are excelling in their role are provided for well during their time with their organisations.According to Truelove(2006) in any job role motivation is important factor in order for an employee perform towards their employer expectations. It is a complex matter because poor motivation may be due to many things such as boredom, lack of challenge, a feeling of being unappreciated. From the Victor Vrooms perspective in the motivation there are three variables which he calls valance, expectancy and in strumentality. Valance is important during motivating the people it can be positive, neutral or negative personalities and circumstance will affect the perception of the outcome. In a training situation the perception is wide-ranging by person to person, may be highly valued by one person but no value for other. Expectancy is the belief that the individual has that he or she can achieve the outcome. The person will not feel motivated to do something if they feel that it is beyond them. So it is important to raise the training program which will help to raise expectancy level which will help to being able to achieve target. Instrumentality situation is linked to the expected outcome which can be actually achieved depend on the management promised. Its necessary to organise the course that will lead the employee towards their dream job. So in order for an organisation to benefit from its Trainings Strategy, organisations have to apply motivation dependent on the level of creativity a nd fun within the different job roles in their organisation. Examples may include fringe benefits, bonuses, and performance related pay.A Training Strategy can only be successfully implemented if an employee have the right knowledge understanding of the Training Strategy and has the development and training given to them.Benefits of TrainingAccording to the journal of Development and Learning in Organizations(2002)Global petrochemical group BP found that lack of training means lack of commitment. Few years ago when they look at their staff performance they found out that the overthrow is nearly hundred people but the morality was low. People are not as loyal and dedicated they should be. Then the management decide to do a survey and they discover that lack of training is the main reason behind the poor performance. Taking into account this factor BP initiated a training program adding a NVQ1programme which attracts most employees and makes them committed to the programme. Its not only increase the employees pe

Operating A Car Wash Services Center Marketing Essay

Operating A Car Wash Services Center selling EssayFinancing to the amount of 25000 is c completely for to fund the purchasing of the required equipment, machinery and consumables for the worry daily activities. maxim has already identified suitable premises for this venture, as healthy as having negotiated a renting agreement with the possessor adage motor billet cable gondola railcar sponge aims to be a premier car wash melodic phrase serving the double-u Midlands. motto car wash is an expansion of maxim Repairs, owned by dog Ryan. Maxim Repairs had been in market for the past several(prenominal) long time and has a good market reputation callable to the quality of standards maintained at Maxim. Maxim Cars intends to stand its customers exterior car washing, interior cleaning, and car detailing. Maxim Cars has few competitors in a growing market that ar trying to offer a quality service but at a very higher rate. Maxim Cars has planned to tar hold individual car owners and leasers, car dealerships and local contrast community. Being in the center of a championship organization hub, Maxim aims to fascinate the local businesses in the vicinity that live company cars and would destiny them washed regularly. However, Maxim leave come out at the most positive option i.e. the six varied car dealerships that operate in the area.The marketplace of Maxim is characterized by broad ethnic and economic diversity. In order to draw and quarter the most of these demographic factors and focus on the inimitable demands each group asks of the market, the zeal exit incorporate both a mount-service tunnel operation (for those who propensity to allow the service team to clean their car) and a self-service facility (for those who wish to take a more lively role in their cars maintenance). Additionally, Maxim plans to provide an automatic dryer system (Eclipse) designed by the business itself for each self-service bay, which go forth increase cust omer liking by eliminating the need to hand dry an automobile after washing. Automatic dryers are a new and effective market modernization which currently exists in only ane other car wash operation in the vicinity.Maxims ability to offer a worthwhile service, both in terms of the actual washing as well as customer service is all outdoor staged on the ability to find the finest employees. Hiring the outgo employees is cost efficient because it decreases HR cost associate with turnover and other employee be. Hiring the top employees and making sure that they are well taken care of ensures that they in turn take care of the customers. Studies prove that a happy employee is far more alikely to provide the utmost level of customer service in contrast to an employee who is not happy and feels that they are world taken advantage of.The strength of Bobs experience is Maxims competitive edge as well as a major asset. Bob has been involved in the car repair business for the last seve nteen years. Bob has worked his way through the industry and has been the proprietor of the business. Before this venture, Bob received his MBA from London School of argument and Finance. With a signifi foott time span invested in the community, Bob has generated significant value as a fair, active member of the community. Lastly, Maxim allow for be able to leverage several of the Bobs for his business expertise. line of credit DescriptionMaxim Car wash go out be operated by Bob Ryan, who had been serving the western hemisphere Midlands area with a car repair and a sale/purchase business named as Maxim Cars for over 17 years. Bob get out be leveraging the incredible goodwill of its relationship with the dealers in West Midlands and nearest purlieu and the brand appreciation of the Maxim Cars name to quickly gain market penetration.2.1 objectiveThe objective of Maxim Car Wash is to offer high-quality serve in an efficient, effective and economical manner. This is the key to Max ims success which also differentiates the business from its existing competitors in the market.2.2MissionMaxims mission is to be apremierquality car wash service for the residents and business owner in West Midlands. Bobwill strive to keep employeesdevotedand in highmoraleto ensure customer satisfaction.2.3 Business StrategyMaxim will be the only goop hand car wash in the West Midlands and estimates their market share on 25%. It is assumed that Maxim will achieve a 90% gross margin and 12% net margin after the first year, and a 21% net margin after year three. The business will reach a yearly net profit of 4000 by year three.2.4 gross sales Forecast social class 1Year 2Year 3SalesIndividuals76,086123,033165,662Businesses6,4318,7769,988 center Sales82,517131,809175,650Direct Cost of SalesYear 1Year 2Year 3Individuals3,8046,1528,283Businesses322439499Subtotal Direct Cost of Sales4,1266,5908,7832.5 Development ImpactThe business, at this phase has no employment equity planand skills development planbut such a plan will be drafted in future.An employment equity plan will be drafted following the De divergement ofLaborsRequirements.The Department ofLabornecessitatesthat an employment equity plan should go the followingIssuesGoals for every yearAffirmative action measures that will be employednumerical goals to reach thistimetables and strategiestheduration of the plan (not shorter than6 monthsor long-life than 5 years)Methodologiesthat will be use to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the planProceduresto solve disputes about the plan andPeople liable for implementing the planA skills development plan, adhering to the following steps, must be draftedStep 1 Determining what skills are required in the business.Step 2 Ascertain if the employees have the indispensable skills required.Step 3 T rain downemployees for skills lacked by them2.6 Legal Considerations AgreementsBob has rent the location nearest to Maxim repairs the rent has been negotiated and wi ll be 899 per month.Maxim will be entailing the services of a contracting company to convert the use of the facility and to improve the customer waiting room facilities as it was previously used as a quick stop automobile service shop which has been agreed at 3000 including all equipment.Legal arrangements have been negotiated with six different car dealerships operating within a five-mile radius which will require car washing services for the various fleets. Maxim will offer them all services at a pre-agreed fixed price.Business Opportunities3.1 Potential Customers and Geographical AreaMaxim Cars has planned to target individual car owners and leasers, car dealerships and local business community. The surrounding area is quite prosperous and consists of rich families. Majority of the residents earn an average income of over 85,000 a year. Consequently, they have nice cars and want them to look amusing.3.2 Business CompetitorsCurrently, Maxim has few competitors in a rising market. The application of the Porters Five Forces Model would make the picture clearer.3.2.1 Porters FIVE FORCES MODELRivalry Considering the current market, Maxim has few competitors which ultimately mean that Maxim is facing very little competition from its rivals. Since Maxim had been operating in the industry from the past 17 years and has a good corporate image, this would facilitate the launch of Maxim Car Wash and would place the business into a better position to compete against its rivals. scourge of Substitutes The threat of substitutes is very petite in this situation. This is because the majority of target consumers are rich, less price sensitive, hence would not be willing to switch due to trivial cost differences. Moreover, Maxim would be providing bleak pick and drop service of the cars to their clients to make the business more viable.Bargaining Power of Customers The fact that Maxim has planned to target a rich portfolio of consumers, it is highly unlikely that they woul d exercise their bargaining power. Furthermore, Maxim has made a legal arrangement with five different car dealers which would require car washing services for a various fleet of cars at a pre-agreed fixed price. This would secure a large lump of revenue for Maxim Cars.Bargaining Power of Suppliers In order to prevent the suppliers from exercising their powers over the business, Bob has made a three year renewable contract with all of his suppliers.Threat of New Entrants The threat of new entrants is particularly low for Maxim Cars. This is because Bob has been operating in the industry from the past 17 years and has built good brand equity and a large number of loyal customers.3.3SWOTAnalysisStrengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats relevant toMaxim Carsare listed in the table belowSTRENGTHSThechosenpremises are well suited for the business activities.Nativeclients can provide ahugeamount of repeat-business.Theregionin which the business will ideally be located has volumes of traffic.The laborcomp geniusntof the business is not high.The entrepreneurs practicalknow-howin business concern.WEAKNESSESFinanceis required for starting and operating the business.Bad weathercancause a slump in demand.OPPORTUNITIESAdditionalservices can be included in the service range or arrangements made with other services providers.The entrepreneur anticipates arriveinga contract from the government garage.A huge number and variety of clients can be served.Support shown by car dealers in thepurlieuThe enlargement of the business.THREATSCompetitors in the vicinity.3.4 Critical Success FactorsCritical success factors pertinent to the key areas of the business are as followsKEY AREASCRITICAL FACTORSMarketingHigh sales volume will be critical to making profits.Maxim must seek to obtain a critical mass of clients to ensure profitability.Gross marginsshouldbesoundand impact favorably on the bottom-line.ProductionCapacity utilization will set aheadwith the expansion of the servi ces offered.Qualitystandards are high and attractrepeat-business.Service DeliveryCapacity utilization must beoptimum.The level of service exceeds customeranticipation.Delivery times in terms of finishing a car wash arequicker.FinancesCreditwillnotbe provided to customers.The financials of the business will bemanagedwell.All the transactions will betracedand an accounting firm will be hiredto servicing with the financial and tax management of the business.3.5 RISK AND ISSUESSpecific risks that Maxim faces include the risks of loss of customer, fast growth and liquidity, and tax management.These risks may all have the effect of loss of reputation, loss of business, debt, and failure in an extreme case.Maxim will have the following strategies in place to mitigate these risksProviding first-rate service to ensure continued customer halt as well as providing customer interaction mechanisms to measure satisfaction and suggestions, e.g. a suggestion box.Fast growth gives rise to the risk of running into immediate payment flow problems. The business will obtain the services of a financial advisor to help them manage growth and liquidity.The business will seek help from a certified tax accountant to avoid running a tax risk.Marketing Strategy4.1 Market segmentationWe are extremely favour that our service is not limited to a specific segment or group of the market. In our market area al unrivaled, there are nearly 400,000 automobiles, or an average 0.8 automobiles per person.Luxury car owner Maxim will focus on this segment for their premium hand wash service. Luxury car owner takes vanity in their cars and would probably become systematic customers over time.Cost conscious car owner Although Maxim will not focus on this segment there are low-priced options available for those who just want an exterior quick wash. The core service for this segment will be the busy Wash serve, which is the low-cost service.Dealerships The dealerships in the area will establish a lar ge portion of the segmentation cake. Dealerships would want to keep their fleet of cars shimmering and spotless and Maxim hopes to fulfill that need.Local businesses Several local businesses have company cars that need to be washed frequently. Maxim will target these businesses and give them the choice to get discounts for regular washes.Figure 1 Market Segmentation4.2 Benefits of Service to the Market SegmentMaxim will provide the only full service facility within the market area. Moreover, the water reclamation system will provide an environmentally safe means for the customers to clean their cars. This is en outwearly different from residential car washing, where untreated wash water fills storm drains and ultimately empties into the waterways.4.3 Advertising and Pricing PoliciesThe car wash will cost10.00. It will involve a full exterior vehicle wash, as well as an interior service to include vacuuming, window cleaning, and dashboard cleaning.We have investigated all available a dvertising mediums. later on detailed consultations with a myriad of car wash operators in the area, we have decided to utilize the advantages of a variety of mediums. Primarily, Maxim will utilize cable television and radio spots, combining with newspaper advertisements, to announce the Grand Opening. Direct mail coupons will also be used to increase consumer awareness of Maxims existence. Furthermore, we will work cross promotions with businesses in the area as a means to tap the client base they have established.Flyers and business cards Flyers promotingthe services, as well as peculiar(prenominal)s, will becirculatedalong with businesscardsto clients.These items will invite clients to request services fromMaxim Cars as well as loose them ahintof what the business has to offer at which prices.Flyers will bedroppedin mailboxes as well as in parked vehicles windshield wipers. ain/direct Selling The entrepreneur has already started visiting potential clients to collect letters of intent. These potential clients are nowaware of the business and may provide word-of-mouthpromotionconcerningthe business when it opens.Newspaper advertisements The owner intends to place advertisements inseverallocal newspapers.4.4Sales StrategyMaxim will offer discounts and special offers on Mondays to Wednesdays in order to enhance sales on those days. Bob will try to convince the business owner in the purlieu to sign contracts with reward benefits, and thus try to sell directly to businesses.4.5 Sales ProjectionsMaxim has projected to wash 5550 cars during the first year of business.4.6 Target Market Segment Strategyafter doing a thorough market research, Bob has found that Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays are the sluggish days for a car wash. This could be due to the fact that various peck wash their cars before they leave for a weekend away, afterward they return for a weekend away or merely has more time for things like washing the car during the weekend.To pawn this effect , Maxim will target cost conscious customers during these days, by offering specials and discounts on Mondays to Wednesdays.4.7 Customer AnalysisMaximscustomer base will be made up of local residents, pot who pass through the area, car dealerships, taxi operators and others.The following is the business customer analysis as provided byBobCarhiresagencies need cars cleanedregularly.Garages and workshops often want to clean customers car after they haverepairedand may not have the facilities themselves.Second-hand car dealers will want a car to lookimpeccablebefore they try and sell it.Elderly or disabledpeoplewould usually prefer to have someone else wash their car.Owners of classic or vintage cars could be very loyal customers ifMaximprovesthatitcandoa caring, quality profession on their vehicles.Taxi driversGovernment vehicles forinstancepolice and hospital (ambulance) vehicles.4.8 Customers Buying HabitsIn discussion with hundreds of people in our target area over the past one y ear, Maxim has determined there is a massive need for a car wash facility in this region. Currently, there is not a car wash facility within a 6.5 mile radius of the proposed site, and the proposal has received enormous support from both civic and government groups in the target market.Business Operations 5.1 OperationsMaxim Car Wash is environmental friendly business, and has concerns over minimizing the impact on the environment in terms of verve consumed water used, and waste output. All the chemicals are biodegradable, so that they break down naturally and hence the environment remains safe.The production process of Maxim as a whole consists of obtaining input materials, receiving customer cars for service, usage of the raw materials to wash, clean and vacuum cars, polishing the cars, and handing the car back to the client. Raw materials are used in the form of water, car shampoo, polish, and chamois products.Cars will be washed with soaps and materials specially designed for t hem to avoid scratches on the surface.A diagrammatic exposition of the process followed by Maxim is as followsFigure 2Critical levels in the service delivery process involves using best quality input products designed for automobiles, shipshape with the customers service requirement, and fast service times.5.2 Services OfferedCar WashingInterior CleaningCar Detailing5.3 PersonnelMaxim is considering making two teams headed by one full time car wash/detail expert and one part-time car wash specialist. Rotation of team members would be make on weekends and other peak times to manage the customer load. Extensive training would be given to all washers and detailers as to take down all cushions of inefficiencies and providing the best quality and service at all times. Bob will hire an experienced manager for Maxim Car wash who would be responsible for all matters in the absence of Bob.The proposed organogram of the business operations for the first year is as followsFigure 3All employ ees will be encouraged to work with the business in the long term perspective and to deliver the best performance by the provision of being in a pleasant working environment, job satisfaction and market-related salaries.5.4 Staffing/TrainingThe size of staff is dependent upon time of day, day of the week, and weather conditions. During traditional peak wash periods, four full time wash experts employees and three part time wash experts will be scheduled to work. During traditional off-peak times four full time wash experts and one part time wash expert will be scheduled to work. Maxim will remain elastic in the staffing policy in order to control customer demands and most efficiently make use of the employees. The employee handbook will make certain that each employee understands the significance and applicability of a varied and on the table scheduling process. The plan is to ensure that each employee receives the training essential to be skillful in their assigned tasks. The tra ining program will center on improving the employees operational understanding of the business as well as their interpersonal skills. The program is designed to ensure that the employee-customer relations are as plausive as possible.Initially, the company will be run solely by Bob. However, after six months a supervisor/manager may be hired to assist with the day to day operations and maintenance. The aim is to develop management from within the company, thereby assuring that optimistic management policies and practices are sustained. Additionally, the policy of hiring from within provides Maxim a means to recognize outstanding work performance and to develop a solid management team critical to The Maxims success.Technologythrough and through continuous research and development Maxim has led to new technologies and services including Unity chemical system and innovative products like Hot Shine carnauba wax Shield that gives a long lasting shine to the car in no extra time. Its grow th has been amplified by investing in the best engineering science available, resulting in cleaner cars with an even deeper and richer shine.Maxim aims to use energy efficient advanced water reclamation system to conserve water usage and to reduce discharge concerns or meet actual standards or regulations. Thus, the amount of water needed to clean each car would be minimized.6.1 Automatic Dryer systemThe Eclipse, an automatic dryer system which produces level best output capacity of drying 40 cars per hour, more than any other equipment available in the market today.The Eclipse computing machine precisely determines the length and width of each vehicle as it enters, from the smallest cars to the long pickups to be safely dried.It has a simple design which allows for only five travel components, adding to its longevity and minimal down time a feature that is unmatched in the industry.The Eclipse is also more visually attractive than ground-mounted machines, and the wall-mounted frame provides an open, considerable bay, creating more attraction for customers.The Eclipse onboard dryer is a system which is fully programmable and offers three efficient turbines running at 3600 rpm for high volume, velocity and maximum air flow.It also uses less energy to operate, since no conveyor system is necessary for the Eclipse.6.2 Wheel ScrubberThis feature will allow the customers to choose which pillowcase of wheel cleaning they prefer. This will increase the cleaning revenue in less time with this online system available in friction and touch free options. The wheel brush cleans the tires and all wheel outer faces when the friction option is chosen. For those customers who prefer touch free, Maxim can also offer that choice, improving tire and wheel quality, again adding to the revenue and satisfying another customer.6.3 Tire Shine ApplicatorTire shine is an upgrade that our customers can opt to give that freshly-washed, shiny, ruined look to their tires. Its the l ast touch for particular customers who want their vehicle sparkling from top to bottom.7. Finances7.1 Financial PlanFollowing are the projections of Maxims Financial Plan. Bob will finance the start-up expenses of Maxim, with a 25000 investment from his personal funds, and growth will be financed by cash flow. This will implicate a slow sign growth for the company, but Bob is reluctant to involve investors from outside and is concerned to exercise his control only over the direction of the company.Fixed monthly costs for Maxim are estimated to be approximately 1,500, and break even monthly units are 304 units per month.7.2 Statement of Comprehensive IncomeYear 1Year 2Year 3TotalsPotential Unit Sales48005430610016330Average price per unit 10.00 11.00 12.00Potential Sales (turnover) 48,000.00 59,730.00 73,200.00 212,435.60Unit costs 5.80 6.10 6.80Cost of Sales 27,840.00 33,123.00 41,480.00 114,257.60Gross internet 20,160.00 26,607.00 31,720.00 98,178.00Operating Costs 1,000.00 1,090 .00 1,200.00Net Profit before tax 19,160.00 25,517.00 30,520.00 85,888.007.3 Cash Flow StatementYear 1Year 2Year 3Opening Balance150001791421414Cash receivedCash sales145001800021200Interest190018001500Sundries8647201150Total cash received172642052023850Cash PurchasesStock purchases60001188010380Other creditors230039006000Operating costs100010901200Capital5000150150Other500100Total cash payment143501702017830Cash Increase/Decrease291435006020 last Balance1791421414274347.4 Statement of Financial PositionYear 1Year 2Year 3AssetsCurrent Assets 8,850.00 10,287.00 11,440.00Cash 3,650.00 4,234.00 4,700.00Inventory 1,000.00 1,160.00 1,287.00Accounts receivable 3,400.00 3,961.00 4,400.00 preparedness for income tax 800.00 932.00 1,053.00Fixed Assets 21,300.00 24,860.00 27,605.00Machine 5,000.00 5,890.00 6,500.00Equipment 6,700.00 7,800.00 8,658.00Vehicle 6,300.00 7,340.00 8,147.00Trademark 1,400.00 1,630.00 1,800.00Goodwill 1,900.00 2,200.00 2,500.00Total Assets 30,150.00 35,147.00 39,045. 00Liabilities and EquityCurrent liabilities 2,990.00 4,375.00 4,777.00Accounts payable (income tax) 1,715.00 2,990.00 3,139.00Creditors 1,275.00 1,385.00 1,638.00Long-term liabilities 27,160.00 30,772.00 34,268.00Bank Loan 18,824.00 23,430.00 27,625.00Vehicle 8,336.00 7,342.00 6,643.00Total Liabilities and Owners Equity 30,150.00 35,147.00 39,045.00Future Expansion PlanThe following is Mr. Bobs plans for future growthIm planning to buy a bigger and much better place than the one Ill be using currently. Ill be making maximum profit because I wont be paying rent there since I would own the property. Im going to make a Bigger and better car wash than my first one in terms of development. This area will be able to handle more cars on the washing bay and on the drying bay. It will be much more feasible for a carwash business than my initial one. Ill be able to introduce new businesses into the market that would be ideal for my carwash. Businesses that would give people a reason to come t o my carwash even when its raining businesses like a Fast Food Franchise. Now introducing a business like this to my expansion area would contribute greatly to the Success of my carwash in West Midlands. From then, Im planning to expand to other developing and well developed towns or cities and to other areas in the United Kingdom. I want to be one of the people who contribute a lot to the growth and development of England. Please note that this is not just a dream I believe that it is my determination and my leave from God, because its my passion. I am very blessed and richly gifted business wise. I have the ability to predict change and Development before it comes to reality. not in terms of spiritual prophesying but in terms of being a possibility thinker. I have the Ability to convert a mischief to an advantage. Where people see jeopardy, I see an opportunity and prosperity. I welcome problems I reach out for them, I charge into them and then in my headspring instantly change them to challenges.I act local but I think global. This is the kind of attitude Im going with to my carwash business. Appendices and Referenceshttp//www.carwash.org/Documents/14-%20Business%20Plan%20Template.pdfhttp//www.mplans.com/car_wash_marketing_plan/financials,_budgets,_and_forecasts_fc.phphttp//www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/sample-business-plans/automotive-travel-and-transportation/car-wash-business-plan/http//www.referenceforbusiness.com/business-plans/Business-Plans-Volume-01/Car-Wash.htmlbCatlin, Katherine and Jana Matthews, Building the Awesome boldness Six Essential Components that Drive Entrepreneurial Growth, 2002 New York Hungry Minds Inc.Sahlman, William A., Howard H. Stevenson, Michael J. Roberts, Amar Bhide, eds. The Entrepreneurial Venture, 2nd Edition. 1999, Boston Harvard Business School Press.

The Punishment of a Sinner in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Punishment of a Sinner in The Scarlet earn          Who should punish a sinner?  Should it be religion, society, or the individual?  In Hawthornes Scarlet Letter all three affect the main character Hester Prynne.  morality punishes her with the Scarlet Letter, society ostracizes her as punishment, and individually she was able to move on in life but still returned to her haunting past where she died.           Religion plays a big part in the Scarlet Letter.  Hester Prynne wore the Scarlet Letter to remind her of the mistake ahe made.  Instaed of taking Pearl away the hatful wanted her to stand firm the A for adultry.  Hester brought up her child forcing the the thought of the heavenily father.  Hesters whole lifestyle was altered.  She obeyed everyone and for seven years was cursed by standing on the scaffold.  The peoples beliefs strongly enforced the idea that Hester would wear the Scarlet Letter, so she did.  It constantly forced the tought of the sin she had commited and would haunt her for good. I have thought have death, said she, - have wished for it, - would even have prayed for it, were it enclothe that such as I should pray for anything.           Society was an influence on the scarlet letter.  People of the town believed that Hester was a witch as well as sinner.  Society ostracized her because no one in the town had ever delt with any kind of sin as adultry so they looked at her as a witch.  The people in a way wanted to ruin her life because people actually thought she was bad.  One of the real canadites that wanted to ruin Hester was Mistress Hibbins.        by out the whole story Mistress Hibbins constantly gives Hester her piece of mind.   Thou thyself wilt see it, one time or another.  They say, child, thou art of the inventory of the Pr ince of the Air  Wilt thou ride with me, some fine night, to see thy father.           Individually she was ostracized and critizied no matter where she went. As time went on she helped  the people proving at that place was a true side to Hester Prynne.  That led to the A no longer standing for adultry but for able.

John Steinbecks View of the World Essay -- Biography Biographies Essa

Steinbecks View of the World   John Steinbecks novels verbalized an ecological world view that has only recently begun to forgather proponents. This holistic view grew during an era when such thinking was unpopular, and one must wonder how this growth could have occurred in a climate which was hostile for it. nearly investigation shows that the seeds for this view already existed in his childhood and were nurtured through his exposure to ideas in marine biology.   While growing up in Salinas, Steinbeck had the opportunity to unload a lot of time outdoors. His uncle used to take him on fishing trips, and combined with the times he visited his maternal grand-fathers farm near King City, it undoubtedly gave him an appreciation for nature. Later in his life, he became a caretaker on a large estate at Lake Tahoe, and he continued to spend time in nature throughout his life and often took his sons to go fishing or camping when they visited him during the summers (Steinbeck, E. & Wallsten, P.., 1975).   In addition to the time he spent outdoors, he was exposed to the farming community in the Salinas Valley. Even though his grandfathers farm could not sustain crops (Steinbeck, T., 1992), the whole community was dependent on the inter-connection of living creatures at bottom the valley. The lives of these farmers and their future production always depended on the current production of the land.   When the crops were plentiful, the harvest would bring money and food and supplies for the next years crop. Rain had an enormous impact on the farmers. Too much or too little could be devastating to their crops or the food supply of farm animals, and they affected the farmers who were dependent them.... ...nt.   Steinbecks view of the world, expressed through his novels, was set within an ecological framework. His childhood environments played a role in the creation of this view, and his subsequent exposure to marine biology contributed to an d exposit upon it. This led to his ability to view organisms in an environment as symbiotic relationships within a whole-a superorganism.   Bibliography 1. Steinbeck, E., and Wallsten, R. (Ed.). (1975). Steinbeck A Life in Letters. sassy York The Viking Press. 2. Steinbeck, J. (1992). East of Eden. New York Penguin Books. 3. Steinbeck, J. (1995). The Long Valley. New York. Penguin Books. 4. Steinbeck, J. (1992). The Grapes of Wrath. New York Penguin Books. 5. Hand-out from class The Teachers. 6. Allee,W.C.(1932). Animal Life and Social Growth. Baltimore, MD)The Williams and Wilkins Co.